Sarmiento Paula, Castro Pedro L, Ginés Rafael
Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain.
Animals (Basel). 2025 Jun 28;15(13):1913. doi: 10.3390/ani15131913.
Aquaculture advancement depends on alternative raw materials to reduce reliance on fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) from extractive fisheries. Strategies like restricted feeding reduce costs and improve sustainability by minimizing feed waste and enhancing water quality, while selective breeding boosts growth and adapts fish to innovative diets. However, these measures may affect quality and shelf life. Gilthead seabream selected for high growth or non-selected were fed in 500 L tanks for 300 days until apparent satiety (AS) or with food restrictions (85AS or 65AS) using a control diet with low FM and FO balanced with vegetable ingredients, and an alternative diet (ALT) where FM was substantially replaced with insect, poultry by-product, feather, and porcine blood meals, while FO was completely replaced by microalgae, poultry, and salmon by-product oils. The ALT diet improved EPA + DHA levels, -3/-6 ratio, and fillet hardness. The selected fish outperformed the non-selected ones in growth and were more resilient to ALT diet and feeding restrictions. The 85AS feeding strategy optimized fillet quality by preventing lipid accumulation and muscle adaptations, as observed with the other feeding strategies. Combining sustainable feed formulations, genetic selection, and moderate feed restriction enables a viable, long-term strategy for high-quality, environmentally responsible seabream farming.
水产养殖的进步依赖于替代原材料，以减少对捕捞渔业中鱼粉（FM）和鱼油（FO）的依赖。限制投喂等策略通过减少饲料浪费和改善水质来降低成本并提高可持续性，而选择性育种则能促进生长并使鱼类适应创新型饲料。然而，这些措施可能会影响鱼的品质和货架期。选用生长速度快的金头鲷或未选的金头鲷，在500升的水箱中饲养300天，直至明显饱腹（AS），或采用食物限制（85AS或65AS），使用低FM和FO且用植物成分平衡的对照饲料，以及一种替代饲料（ALT），其中FM被昆虫、家禽副产品、羽毛和猪血粉大量替代，而FO完全被微藻、家禽和鲑鱼副产品油替代。ALT饲料提高了EPA + DHA水平、-3/-6比率和鱼片硬度。在生长方面，选育的鱼比未选育的鱼表现更好，并且对ALT饲料和投喂限制更具耐受性。如其他投喂策略所观察到的，85AS投喂策略通过防止脂质积累和肌肉适应性变化优化了鱼片质量。将可持续饲料配方、遗传选育和适度的饲料限制相结合，可为高质量、对环境负责的金头鲷养殖提供一个可行的长期策略。
