Chappell Paul H, Cranny Andy, Cotton Darryl P J, White Neil M, Beeby Steve P
School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Int J Surg. 2007 Dec;5(6):436-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.06.028. Epub 2006 Aug 28.
The surgeon Ambroise Paré designed an anthropomorphic hand for wounded soldiers in the 16th century. Since that time, there have been advances in technology through the use of computer-aided design, modern materials, electronic controllers and sensors to realise artificial hands which have good functionality and reliability. Data from touch, object slip, finger position and temperature sensors, mounted in the fingers and on the palm, can be used in feedback loops to automatically hold objects. A study of the natural neuromuscular systems reveals a complexity which can only in part be realised today with technology. Highlights of the parallels and differences between natural and artificial hands are discussed with reference to the Southampton Hand. The anatomical structure of parts of the natural systems can be made artificially such as the antagonist muscles using tendons. Theses solutions look promising as they are based on the natural form but in practice lack the desired physical specification. However, concepts of the lower spinal loops can be mimicked in principle. Some future devices will require greater skills from the surgeon to create the interface between the natural system and an artificial device. Such developments may offer a more natural control with ease of use for the limb deficient person.
16世纪，外科医生安布鲁瓦兹·帕雷为受伤士兵设计了一款仿真手。从那时起，通过使用计算机辅助设计、现代材料、电子控制器和传感器，技术不断进步，以实现具有良好功能性和可靠性的人造手。安装在手指和手掌上的触摸、物体滑动、手指位置和温度传感器的数据可用于反馈回路，以自动抓取物体。对自然神经肌肉系统的研究揭示了一种复杂性，而目前的技术只能部分实现这种复杂性。本文参照南安普敦手，讨论了自然手与人工手之间异同的要点。自然系统部分部位的解剖结构可以人工制造，比如使用肌腱的拮抗肌。这些解决方案看起来很有前景，因为它们基于自然形态，但在实践中缺乏所需的物理规格。然而，较低脊髓回路的概念原则上是可以模仿的。未来的一些设备将要求外科医生具备更高的技能，以创建自然系统与人工设备之间的接口。这样的发展可能会为肢体缺陷者提供更自然的控制方式，且使用方便。
