Stephan Jean, Sinoquet Hervé, Donès Nicolas, Haddad Nicolas, Talhouk Salma, Lauri Pierre-Eric
UMR547 PIAF, INRA, Univ Blaise Pascal, F-63100 Clermont Ferrand, France.
Tree Physiol. 2008 Mar;28(3):331-42. doi: 10.1093/treephys/28.3.331.
The effect of two training systems (Central Leader with branch pruning versus Centrifugal Training with minimal pruning, i.e., removal of fruiting laterals only) on canopy structure and light interception was analyzed in three architecturally contrasting apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars: 'Scarletspur Delicious' (Type II); 'Golden Delicious' (Type III); and 'Granny Smith' (Type IV). Trees were 3D-digitized at the shoot scale at the 2004 and 2005 harvests. Shoots were separated according to length (short versus long) and type (fruiting versus vegetative). Leaf area density (LAD) and its relative variance (xi), total leaf area (TLA) and crown volume (V) varied consistently with cultivar. 'Scarletspur Delicious' had higher LAD and xi and lower TLA and V compared with the other cultivars with more open canopies. At the whole-tree scale, training had no effect on structure and light interception parameters (silhouette to total area ratio, STAR; projected leaf area, PLA). At the shoot scale, Centrifugal Training increased STAR values compared with Central Leader. In both training systems, vegetative shoots had higher STAR values than fruiting shoots. However, vegetative and fruiting shoots had similar TLA and PLA in Centrifugal Trained trees, whereas vegetative shoots had higher TLA and PLA than fruiting shoots in Central Leader trees. This unbalanced distribution of leaf area and light interception between shoot types in Central Leader trees partly resulted from the high proportion of long vegetative shoots that developed from latent buds. These shoots developed in the interior shaded zone of the canopy and therefore had low STAR and PLA. In conclusion, training may greatly affect the development and spatial positioning of shoots, which in turn significantly affects light interception by fruiting shoots.
在三个树形结构不同的苹果（Malus domestica Borkh.）品种中分析了两种整形方式（中央领导干带侧枝短截与离心式整形且极少短截，即仅去除结果侧枝）对树冠结构和光照截获的影响，这三个品种分别是：“斯佳丽美味”（II型）、“金冠”（III型）和“澳洲青苹”（IV型）。在2004年和2005年采收时，对树体按新梢尺度进行三维数字化处理。新梢按长度（短梢与长梢）和类型（结果枝与营养枝）进行区分。叶面积密度（LAD）及其相对方差（xi）、总叶面积（TLA）和树冠体积（V）因品种而异。与其他树冠更开张的品种相比，“斯佳丽美味”具有更高的LAD和xi，以及更低的TLA和V。在整株树尺度上，整形方式对结构和光照截获参数（轮廓面积与总面积比，STAR；投影叶面积，PLA）没有影响。在新梢尺度上，与中央领导干整形相比，离心式整形增加了STAR值。在两种整形方式中，营养枝的STAR值均高于结果枝。然而，在离心式整形的树体中营养枝和结果枝具有相似的TLA和PLA，而在中央领导干整形的树体中营养枝的TLA和PLA高于结果枝。中央领导干整形树体中新梢类型间叶面积和光照截获的这种不平衡分布部分是由于从潜伏芽长出的长营养枝比例较高所致。这些新梢在树冠内部的荫蔽区域生长，因此具有较低的STAR和PLA。总之，整形方式可能极大地影响新梢的发育和空间定位，进而显著影响结果枝的光照截获。
