Introduction and management of puberty in girls.

BACKGROUND

Management of puberty in the hypogonadal girl remains controversial. Estrogens have profound effects on growth and development. Oral estrogens, the most widely used form, undergo first-pass metabolism in the liver and alter many aspects of hepatic function. Transdermal estrogens are not subject to first-pass metabolism and are effective at mimicking spontaneous pubertal estrogen levels resulting in normal pubertal development. Age-appropriate induction of puberty should be initiated at 12 to 13 years of age; delaying puberty any longer may compromise quality of life during adolescence. Estrogens should be started at a low dose, approximately one-tenth to one-eighth of the adult replacement dose, and then increased gradually over a period of 2 to 4 years. Generally, progestins are added after 2 years of estrogen therapy. With these treatment regimens, breast development typically proceeds at a normal pace; however, the effects on uterine dimensions are less clear. Concomitant treatment with oral dehydroepiandrosterone (or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) advances pubic hair development in the adolescent girl with panhypopituitarism.

CONCLUSIONS

In the hypogonadal girl, puberty should be induced with very low doses of transdermal estradiol at 12 to 13 years of age with gradual dose escalations over 2 to 4 years. Combination estrogen/androgen therapy in girls with hypogonadism should be explored in future research.