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Using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error estimators in OLS regression: an introduction and software implementation.

作者信息

Hayes Andrew F, Cai Li

机构信息

School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.

出版信息

Behav Res Methods. 2007 Nov;39(4):709-22. doi: 10.3758/bf03192961.


DOI:10.3758/bf03192961
PMID:18183883
Abstract

Homoskedasticity is an important assumption in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Although the estimator of the regression parameters in OLS regression is unbiased when the homoskedasticity assumption is violated, the estimator of the covariance matrix of the parameter estimates can be biased and inconsistent under heteroskedasticity, which can produce significance tests and confidence intervals that can be liberal or conservative. After a brief description of heteroskedasticity and its effects on inference in OLS regression, we discuss a family of heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error estimators for OLS regression and argue investigators should routinely use one of these estimators when conducting hypothesis tests using OLS regression. To facilitate the adoption of this recommendation, we provide easy-to-use SPSS and SAS macros to implement the procedures discussed here.

摘要

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