Drobne Damjana, Blazic Mateja, Van Gestel Cornelis A M, Leser Vladka, Zidar Primoz, Jemec Anita, Trebse Polonca
University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Vecna Pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Chemosphere. 2008 Apr;71(7):1326-34. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.042. Epub 2008 Jan 10.
Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide with neurotoxic action that, as a possible alternative for commonly used organophosphorus pesticides, has gained registration in about 120 countries for use in over 140 agricultural crops. Only few data are available on its toxicity for soil invertebrates. We therefore assessed the effects of imidacloprid on survival, weight gain, feeding rate, total protein content, glutathione S-transferase activity (GST), and digestive gland epithelial thickness in juveniles and adults of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. After two weeks of feeding on imidacloprid-dosed food, weight gain (NOEC 5 microg/g dry food) and feeding rate (NOEC 10 microg/g) in juveniles, and feeding rate (NOEC<10 microg/g) and digestive gland epithelial thickness (NOEC<10 microg/g) in adults were most affected. In juveniles induction of GST activity and increase of total protein content per wet animal weight was detected at 5 microg/g dry food, whereas in adults a reduction of GST was observed at 25 microg/g (NOEC 10 microg/g). An estimate of actual intake rates suggests that imidacloprid affects isopods at similar exposure concentrations as insects. The toxicity of imidacloprid was similar to that of the organophosphorus pesticide diazinon, tested earlier using the same methods [Stanek, K., Drobne, D., Trebse, P., 2006. Linkage of biomarkers along levels of biological complexity in juvenile and adult diazinon fed terrestrial isopod (Porcellio scaber, Isopoda, Crustacea). Chemosphere 64, 1745-1752]. At actual environmental concentrations, diazinon poses a higher risk to P. scaber. Due to its increasing use in crop protection and higher persistence in soil, imidacloprid might however, be potentially more dangerous after long-term application. We conclude that toxicity testing with P. scaber provides relevant, repeatable, reproducible and comparable toxicity data that is useful for the risk assessment of pesticides in the terrestrial environment.
吡虫啉是一种具有神经毒性作用的新烟碱类杀虫剂，作为常用有机磷农药的一种可能替代品，已在约120个国家注册，用于140多种农作物。关于其对土壤无脊椎动物毒性的数据很少。因此，我们评估了吡虫啉对陆生等足动物粗糙真地鳖幼体和成体的存活、体重增加、摄食率、总蛋白含量、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性（GST）以及消化腺上皮厚度的影响。以含吡虫啉的食物喂养两周后，幼体的体重增加（无可见效应浓度为5微克/克干食物）和摄食率（无可见效应浓度为10微克/克），以及成体的摄食率（无可见效应浓度<10微克/克）和消化腺上皮厚度（无可见效应浓度<10微克/克）受到的影响最大。在幼体中，当干食物中吡虫啉含量为5微克/克时，检测到GST活性诱导以及每湿动物体重总蛋白含量增加，而在成体中，当含量为25微克/克时观察到GST降低（无可见效应浓度为10微克/克）。实际摄入率的估计表明，吡虫啉在与昆虫相似的暴露浓度下会影响等足动物。吡虫啉的毒性与之前使用相同方法测试的有机磷农药二嗪农相似[斯坦内克，K.，德罗布内，D.，特雷布塞，P.，2006年。在喂食二嗪农的陆生等足动物（粗糙真地鳖，等足目，甲壳纲）中，生物标志物沿生物复杂性水平的联系。《环境科学与技术》64卷，第1745 - 1752页]。在实际环境浓度下，二嗪农对粗糙真地鳖构成的风险更高。然而，由于吡虫啉在作物保护中的使用不断增加且在土壤中的持久性更高，长期施用后可能具有更大的潜在危险性。我们得出结论，用粗糙真地鳖进行毒性测试可提供相关、可重复、可再现且具有可比性的毒性数据，这对于评估农药在陆地环境中的风险很有用。
