LaPlante Debi A, Shaffer Howard J
Division on Addictions, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007 Oct;77(4):616-23. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.616.
Many regions are considering expanding the various forms of gambling that are available to residents. The expansion of legalized gambling frequently is the topic of heated debate because of possible harmful ramifications on individuals' mental and physical health as well as the public's health in general. Conventional wisdom holds that the expansion of gambling relates to increases in gambling-related problems among the population (i.e., the exposure effect). A review of empirical evidence provides an opportunity to verify the accuracy of this wisdom. An evaluation of available research studies provides some support for the exposure effect, but also raises questions about the durability of that phenomenon across settings and time points. Some exposure studies indicate specific patterns of gambling activity and consequences that are inconsistent with the exposure effect. These studies suggest that some people and some places might have adapted to the risks and hazards of gambling (i.e., the adaptation effect). This evaluation suggests that social context is an important moderator of exposure processes.
许多地区正在考虑扩大居民可参与的各类赌博形式。合法化赌博的扩张常常是激烈辩论的话题，因为它可能对个人的身心健康以及公众健康产生有害影响。传统观点认为，赌博的扩张与人群中与赌博相关问题的增加有关（即暴露效应）。对实证证据的回顾提供了一个验证这一观点准确性的机会。对现有研究的评估为暴露效应提供了一些支持，但也对该现象在不同环境和时间点的持续性提出了疑问。一些暴露研究表明，赌博活动和后果的特定模式与暴露效应不一致。这些研究表明，一些人和一些地方可能已经适应了赌博的风险和危害（即适应效应）。该评估表明，社会背景是暴露过程的一个重要调节因素。
