In the connection that nanomaterials (NM) and production of nanotechnology (NT) can possess completely different physical and chemical properties and biological (including toxic) action, than substances in a usual physical and chemical condition, the characteristics of their potential risk for human health and environment are obligatory. The article discusses the concept of toxicological researches and methodology of risk estimation in the field of reception, use and recycling of NM and NT production, developed on the basis of Rospotrebnadzor supervising documents.