Characterization of metal tolerance and accumulation in Grevillea exul var exul.

Grevillea exul var exul (Proteaceae), a tree species native to serpentine soils in New Caledonia, is a reported manganese accumulator. Since the metal tolerance of this species remains unknown, its growth and metal accumulation were studied for seven heavy metals under controlled conditions. Brassica juncea, a popular species for metal phytoremediation, was used as a reference. G. exul seedlings were more tolerant to Cr, Zn, Ni, and Cu than B. juncea. There were no differences in Hg, and Cd tolerance between both species. B. juncea seedlings concentrated more Cd, Hg, and Cr in their shoot than G. exul seedlings, while Ni, Zn, and Mn levels were similar for both species. Comparison then focused on tolerance at toxic doses of Ni and Mn using older individuals of both species. No growth inhibition for G. exul plants was observed, whereas the growth of B. juncea was significantly inhibited at the higher metal concentrations. Shoot Mn and Ni concentrations were again lower in G. exul plants as compared to B. juncea, suggesting a mechanism of partial Ni and Mn exclusion in G. exul. In a subsequent study, 1-year-old G. exul plants favored Ni accumulation in roots while Mn accumulated preferentially in shoots.