Solomon Z, Dekel R, Mikulincer M
The Adler Research Center for Child Welfare and Protection, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Psychol Med. 2008 Oct;38(10):1427-34. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708002808. Epub 2008 Feb 7.
Victims of war captivity sometimes suffer from complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a unique form of PTSD that entails various alterations in personality. These alterations may involve changes in attachment orientation.
The sample comprised two groups of veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War: 103 ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and 106 comparable control veterans. They were assessed at two points in time, 18 years and 30 years after the war.
Ex-POWs suffered from more post-traumatic symptoms than controls at both measurements points and these symptoms increased only among ex-POWs from Time 1 to Time 2. In addition, both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance increased with time among ex-POWs, whereas they decreased slightly or remained stable among controls. Finally, the increases in attachment anxiety and avoidance were positively associated with the increase in post-traumatic symptoms among both study groups. Further analyses indicated that early PTSD symptoms predicted later attachment better than early attachment predicted later PTSD symptoms.
The results suggest that: (1) complex traumas are implicated in attachment orientations and PTSD symptoms even many years after captivity; (2) there is an increase in attachment insecurities (anxiety, avoidance) and an increase in PTSD symptoms decades after the captivity; (3) and post-traumatic stress symptoms predict attachment orientations better than attachment orientations predict an increase in PTSD symptoms.
战争俘虏的受害者有时会患有复杂性创伤后应激障碍（PTSD），这是一种独特形式的PTSD，会导致人格发生各种改变。这些改变可能涉及依恋取向的变化。
样本包括两组来自1973年赎罪日战争的退伍军人：103名前战俘和106名可比的对照退伍军人。在战争结束后的18年和30年这两个时间点对他们进行评估。
在前战俘组中，在两个测量点时，创伤后症状均比对照组严重，且这些症状仅在前战俘组中从时间1到时间2有所增加。此外，前战俘组的依恋焦虑和依恋回避均随时间增加，而在对照组中则略有下降或保持稳定。最后，两个研究组中依恋焦虑和回避的增加与创伤后症状的增加呈正相关。进一步分析表明，早期的PTSD症状比早期的依恋更能预测后期的依恋情况。
结果表明：（1）即使在被俘多年后，复杂性创伤仍与依恋取向和PTSD症状有关；（2）被俘数十年后，依恋不安全感（焦虑、回避）增加，PTSD症状也增加；（3）创伤后应激症状比依恋取向更能预测依恋情况，而依恋取向对PTSD症状增加的预测作用较小。
