Design and processing of porous materials for electronic applications.

The use of porosity, either unintentionally or intentionally, in the fabrication of materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications is introduced. Unintentional uses include the fabrication of ceramic magnets, where high electrical resistivities are required to reduce eddy currents at high frequency, and the powder technology, often used, inevitably results in porosity. The generation of light from porous silicon created a huge impact in the early 1990s, followed by extensive work on the mechanism responsible, and has now been followed by a more balanced evaluation of its potential. Porous ferroelectrics have shown significant advantages over dense materials for positive temperature coefficient of resistance applications, and for sensors such as hydrophones, and these will be discussed. Low dielectric constant materials are required for the next generation of silicon integrated circuits, where a reduction compared with silicon dioxide is required, and here porosity is a convenient strategy. Finally, the use of deliberately engineered porous nanostructures, with dimensions in the range of the wavelength of light, are discussed for applications in optical processing.