Present status and future perspectives of intestinal transplantation.

Intestinal transplantation (ITx) is the only definitive therapy for irreversible intestinal failure. Owing to the limited short- and long-term graft survival over the years, ITx has been a complementary treatment to home parenteral nutrition. However, the development of intestinal and multivisceral transplantation has been significant over the past 15-20 years owing to the progress in immunosuppressive therapy, refinement of surgical techniques, post-transplant care, intestinal immunology, and immunological as well as anti-infectious monitoring. The improvement of patient- and graft survival over the last few years together with data on the cost effectiveness of ITx, following 2 years after transplantation, may require a redefinition of the indication for ITx.