Thomas Vernon G, McGill Ian R
Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
Sci Total Environ. 2008 May 15;394(2-3):283-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.049. Epub 2008 Mar 3.
The rates of dissolution of copper, tin, and iron from sintered tungsten-bronze spheres (51.1%W, 44.4%Cu, 3.9%Sn, 0.6%Fe, by mass) were measured in an in vitro simulated avian gizzard at pH 2.0, and 42C. Most of the spheres had disintegrated completely to a fine powder by day 14. Dissolution of copper, tin, and iron from the spheres was linear over time; all r>0.974; all P<0.001. The mean rate of release of copper, tin, and iron was 30.4 mg, 2.74 mg, and 0.38 mg per g tungsten-bronze per day, respectively. These rates of metal release were compared to those in published studies to determine whether the simultaneous ingestion of eight spheres of 3.48 mm diameter would pose a toxic risk to birds. The potential absorption rates of iron and tin (0.54 mg Fe/day, and 3.89 mg Sn/day) from eight tungsten-bronze spheres of total mass 1.42 g would not prove toxic, based on empirical studies of tin and iron ingestion in waterfowl. The release of 43.17 mg copper/day from eight tungsten-bronze spheres, while exceeding the daily copper requirements of domesticated birds, is far below the levels of copper known to cause copper toxicosis in birds. We conclude that sintered tungsten-bronze material made into gunshot, fishing weights, or wheel balance weights, would not pose a toxic risk to wild birds when ingested.
在体外模拟的禽类砂囊环境（pH值为2.0，温度为42℃）中，测量了烧结钨青铜球（质量分数为51.1%W、44.4%Cu、3.9%Sn、0.6%Fe）中铜、锡和铁的溶解速率。到第14天时，大多数球体已完全分解成细粉。球体中铜、锡和铁的溶解随时间呈线性关系；所有r>0.974；所有P<0.001。铜、锡和铁的平均释放速率分别为每天每克钨青铜30.4毫克、2.74毫克和0.38毫克。将这些金属释放速率与已发表研究中的速率进行比较，以确定同时摄入八个直径为3.48毫米的球体是否会对鸟类构成毒性风险。根据对水禽摄入锡和铁的实证研究，来自总质量为1.42克的八个钨青铜球的铁和锡的潜在吸收率（分别为0.54毫克铁/天和3.89毫克锡/天）不会产生毒性。八个钨青铜球每天释放43.17毫克铜，虽然超过了家养鸟类的每日铜需求量，但远低于已知会导致鸟类铜中毒的铜含量水平。我们得出结论，制成子弹、渔坠或车轮平衡块的烧结钨青铜材料被鸟类摄入时，不会对野生鸟类构成毒性风险。
