Sublethal effects of ultraviolet b radiation on miracidia and sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni: intramolluscan development, infectivity, and photoreactivation.

Schistosoma mansoni occurs in tropical regions where levels of ultraviolet B (UVB; 290-320 nm) light are elevated. However, the effects of UVB on parasite transmission are unknown. This study examines effects of UVB on the miracidia and sporocysts of S. mansoni, focusing specifically on intramolluscan development, infectivity, and the ability to photoreactivate (repair DNA damage using visible light). Histology revealed that miracidia irradiated with 861 J x m(-2) underwent abnormal development after penetrating Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Total number of sporocysts in snail tissues decreased as a function of time postinfection (PI), among both nonirradiated and irradiated parasites; however, this decrease was greater in the latter. Moreover, whereas the proportion alive of nonirradiated sporocysts increased PI, that of irradiated sporocysts, i.e., derived from irradiated miracidia, decreased. Irradiation of miracidia with UVB resulted in decreased prevalence of patent infection (defined by presence of daughter sporocysts) in a dose-dependent manner, and no infections occurred at a dose of 861 J x m(-2). Like many aquatic organisms, including the snail host, parasites were able to photoreactivate if exposed to visible light following UVB irradiation, even subsequent to penetrating snails. These photoreactivation results suggest cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers in DNA as the primary mechanism of UVB damage, and implicate photoreactivation, rather than nucleotide excision, as the main repair process in S. mansoni.