Comparison of different extraction methods for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in kiwi fruit using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The methods of simultaneous extraction of iprodione, chlorpyrifos-methyl, EPN and endosulfan (with its metabolites) from kiwi fruit using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were tested and compared in terms of their of limits of detection and quantification, as well as the highest pesticide recoveries with the lowest residues in the final extracts. The analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. The proposed methods featured good sensitivity, pesticide quantification limits were low enough, and the precision (expressed as relative standard deviations) ranged from 0.56 to 7.17%. The recoveries obtained from ASE, SFE and LLE were 77.5-120, 71.9-109.1 and 75.6-127.1%, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the monitoring of the selected pesticide residues in kiwi fruit samples collected from Jollanamdo area, Republic of Korea. Iprodione was detected at a level lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) established by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (5 ppm), while EPN was detected at a level higher than the Korea Food and Drug Administration MRL (0.1 ppm) in the real samples. The proposed sample preparations led to a higher preconcentration of the pesticide fraction, and allowed the sensitive and selective determination of pesticides with varied physicochemical properties in kiwi fruit.