Tsuda Hitoshi
Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
Breast Cancer. 2008;15(2):121-32. doi: 10.1007/s12282-008-0032-5.
Histopathological findings and molecular alterations well reflect the biological properties of individual primary breast carcinomas. Specifically, pT (size of the invasive component), pN (number of metastatic lymph nodes), histological or nuclear grade, lymphovascular invasion, hormone receptors, and HER2 (c-erbB-2) gene overexpresson or amplification are known to be effective markers for assessing the risk of operable primary breast carcinoma, albeit incompletely. It is expected that additional molecular markers and novel diagnostic tools will be developed in the future to facilitate a more accurate characterization of higher risk node-negative breast carcinomas.
组织病理学发现和分子改变很好地反映了个体原发性乳腺癌的生物学特性。具体而言，pT（浸润成分的大小）、pN（转移淋巴结的数量）、组织学或核分级、淋巴管浸润、激素受体以及HER2（c-erbB-2）基因过表达或扩增，尽管并不全面，但已知是评估可手术原发性乳腺癌风险的有效标志物。预计未来将开发更多的分子标志物和新型诊断工具，以更准确地表征高风险的腋窝淋巴结阴性乳腺癌。
