Holmgren Anita, Holmgren Per, Kugelberg Fredrik C, Jones A Wayne, Ahlner Johan
Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Artillerigatan 12, SE-581 33 Linköping, Sweden.
Accid Anal Prev. 2008 Mar;40(2):534-40. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2007.08.009. Epub 2007 Sep 14.
A zero-tolerance law for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) in Sweden led to a 10-fold increase in the number of cases submitted by the police for toxicological analysis. The statutory blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving is 0.2 mg/g ( approximately 0.02 g%).
An in-house database (TOXBASE) was used to investigate re-arrests for impaired driving over 4 years (2001-2004), which comprised 36,799 cases. The age, gender, re-arrest rate of the offenders and the concentrations of ethanol and amphetamine in blood samples were evaluated.
We found that 44% of individuals (N=16,277) re-offended 3.2 times on average (range 1-23 arrests). Between 85 and 89% of first-time offenders were men and there was also a male dominance among the recidivists (88-93%). The mean age of drunken drivers was approximately 40 years compared with approximately 35 years for driving under the influence of amphetamine, which was the drug identified in 50-60% of DUID cases, either alone or together with other licit or illicit drugs. The median BAC was 1.5mg/g ( approximately 0.15 g%), which suggests a dominance of heavy drinkers. The median BAC was even higher in recidivists (1.6-1.7 mg/g). The median concentration of amphetamine in blood was 1.0 mg/L in recidivists compared with 0.5mg/L in the first-time offenders. About 14% of drunken drivers re-offended 1-10 times compared with 68% of DUID suspects, who were re-arrested 1-23 times. People with only a scheduled prescription drug in blood were re-arrested much less frequently ( approximately 17%) compared with those taking illicit drugs (68%).
The appreciable increase in number of arrests for DUID after a zero-tolerance law might reflect a heightened enthusiasm by the police authorities armed with knowledge that a prosecution is easier to obtain. Zero-tolerance laws do not deter people from impaired driving judging by the high re-arrest rates. During the sentencing of hardcore offenders, the courts should give more consideration to the underlying substance abuse problem.
瑞典一项针对药物影响下驾驶（DUID）的零容忍法律导致警方提交进行毒理学分析的案件数量增加了10倍。法定的驾驶血液酒精浓度（BAC）限制为0.2毫克/克（约0.02克%）。
使用一个内部数据库（TOXBASE）调查了4年（2001 - 2004年）内因驾驶能力受损而再次被捕的情况，共涉及36,799起案件。对犯罪者的年龄、性别、再次被捕率以及血液样本中乙醇和苯丙胺的浓度进行了评估。
我们发现44%的个体（N = 16,277）平均再次犯罪3.2次（范围为1 - 23次被捕）。85%至89%的初犯为男性，累犯中男性也占主导（88% - 93%）。醉酒驾驶者的平均年龄约为40岁，而受苯丙胺影响驾驶的平均年龄约为35岁，苯丙胺是在50% - 60%的DUID案件中单独或与其他合法或非法药物一起被检测出的药物。BAC的中位数为1.5毫克/克（约0.15克%），这表明重度饮酒者占主导。累犯的BAC中位数甚至更高（1.6 - 1.7毫克/克）。累犯血液中苯丙胺的中位数浓度为1.0毫克/升，而初犯者为0.5毫克/升。约14%的醉酒驾驶者再次犯罪1 - 10次，相比之下，68%的DUID嫌疑人再次被捕1 - 23次。血液中仅有处方药的人再次被捕的频率要低得多（约17%），而服用非法药物的人再次被捕的频率为68%。
零容忍法律实施后DUID逮捕人数的显著增加可能反映出警方因了解到更容易提起诉讼而提高了积极性。从高再次被捕率来看，零容忍法律并不能阻止人们在药物影响下驾驶。在对惯犯量刑时，法院应更多地考虑潜在的药物滥用问题。
