Tennie Claudio, Hedwig Daniela, Call Josep, Tomasello Michael
Department of Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Am J Primatol. 2008 Jun;70(6):584-93. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20532.
Mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Karisoke, Rwanda, feed on the stinging nettle Laportea alatipes by means of elaborate processing skills. Byrne [e.g. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 358:529-536, 2003] has claimed that individuals acquire these skills by means of the so-called program-level imitation, in which the overall sequence of problem-solving steps (not the precise actions) is reproduced. In this study we present western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with highly similar nettles. Twelve gorillas in three different groups (including also one nettle-naïve gorilla) used the same program-level technique as wild mountain gorillas (with differences mainly on the action level). Chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos did not show these program-level patterns, nor did the gorillas when presented with a plant similar in structural design but lacking stinging defenses. We conclude that although certain aspects (i.e. single actions) of this complex skill may be owing to social learning, at the program level gorilla nettle feeding derives mostly from genetic predispositions and individual learning of plant affordances.
卢旺达卡里索凯的山地大猩猩（Gorilla beringei beringei）通过复杂的处理技巧以带刺荨麻拉波尔特荨麻（Laportea alatipes）为食。伯恩[例如，《伦敦皇家学会哲学学报》，B辑，生物科学，358:529 - 536，2003]声称，个体通过所谓的程序级模仿来习得这些技能，即再现解决问题步骤的总体顺序（而非精确动作）。在本研究中，我们让西部低地大猩猩（Gorilla gorilla gorilla）接触高度相似的荨麻。三个不同组的12只大猩猩（包括一只从未接触过荨麻的大猩猩）使用了与野生山地大猩猩相同的程序级技巧（主要在动作层面存在差异）。黑猩猩、猩猩和倭黑猩猩并未表现出这些程序级模式，当给大猩猩呈现结构设计相似但无刺防御的植物时，它们也未表现出这些模式。我们得出结论，尽管这项复杂技能的某些方面（即单个动作）可能归因于社会学习，但在程序层面，大猩猩食用荨麻主要源于遗传倾向和对植物特性的个体学习。
