Małek Stanisław, Astel Aleksander
Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Faculty, Agricultural University of Cracow, Kraków, Poland.
Environ Pollut. 2008 Oct;155(3):517-27. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.031. Epub 2008 Mar 21.
The chemical composition of throughfall and canopy leaching, as well as the acid neutralizing capacity and alkalinity depended on the age of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) stands and season of the year. A higher amount of sulphur and strong acids was deposited to the soil in the older age classes. Concentrations of SO(4)(2)(-), K(+), H(+), Mn(2+), Fe(2+) and Zn(2+) in throughfall were higher than in bulk precipitation in any season. This suggests that these ions were washed out or washed from the surface of needles and/or barks. The other ions NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) were retained by the canopy, in particular Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) during the growing season in young stands. Principal component analysis identified five factors responsible for the data structure and suggested the major anthropogenic emission sources were acidic emission (SO(4)(2)(-)+NO(3)(-)), heavy metals-dust particles (Fe(2+)+Mn(2+)+Zn(2+)), ammonium (NH(4)(+)) and H(+), while the natural-origin emission was mineral dust (Na(+)+K(+)+Ca(2+)+Mg(2+)).
穿透雨和冠层淋溶的化学成分、酸中和能力及碱度取决于挪威云杉林分的年龄和一年中的季节。在年龄较大的林分中，更多的硫和强酸沉积到土壤中。在任何季节，穿透雨中硫酸根离子、钾离子、氢离子、锰离子、亚铁离子和锌离子的浓度都高于大气降水。这表明这些离子是从针叶和/或树皮表面被冲刷出来的。其他离子，如硝酸根离子、铵根离子、钙离子和镁离子则被冠层截留，尤其是在幼龄林分生长季节中的钙离子和镁离子。主成分分析确定了五个影响数据结构的因素，并表明主要的人为排放源是酸性排放物（硫酸根离子 + 硝酸根离子）、重金属 - 尘埃颗粒（亚铁离子 + 锰离子 + 锌离子）、铵根离子和氢离子，而自然源排放物是矿物尘埃（钠离子 + 钾离子 + 钙离子 + 镁离子）。
