We have developed protocols whereby a total of 30-90 x 10(6) hMSCs with an average viability greater than 90% can be produced in a single multilevel Cell Factory from a relatively small (1-3 mL) bone marrow aspirate in 14-20 d. It is possible to generate as many as 5 x 10(8) multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) from a single sample, depending on the number of Cell Factories seeded from the initial isolated hMSCs. Briefly, mononuclear cells are collected from a bone marrow aspirate by density gradient centrifugation. The cells are cultured overnight and the adherent cells are allowed to attach to the flask. Nonadherent cells are removed and the culture expanded for 7-10 d with periodic feeding of the cells. The cells are then harvested and seeded at low density (60-100 cells/cm2) into Nunc Cell Factories. The cells are allowed to expand for an additional 7-10 d, and are then harvested.