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美国马里兰州警方拘留期间死亡事件:45起案件调查

Police custody deaths in Maryland, USA: an examination of 45 cases.

作者信息

Southall Pamela, Grant Jami, Fowler David, Scott Shauna

机构信息

Maryland's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 111 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

出版信息

J Forensic Leg Med. 2008 May;15(4):227-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2007.10.005. Epub 2008 Feb 14.

Abstract

Previous published research suggests there are a diverse, yet relatively consistent, set of factors present in sudden, unexpected, and initially inexplicable deaths in police custody. This retrospective analysis examines police custodial deaths in Maryland, USA. Police custody death is operationalized to include deaths which occurred suddenly and unexpectedly during police/citizen encounters. Only deaths for which the cause was initially undeterminable are included. Suicidal hanging, police shootings and fatal pursuits are not included. Review of the records at Maryland's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner indicates that 45 persons died suddenly and unexpectedly in the custody of the police, between 1990 and 2004. Commensurate with existing research, our analysis identifies multiple factors generally present in this type of police custody death. Although individual-specific, these factors include a relatively static constellation of behavioral (e.g., erratic and/or violent behavior, and physical struggle) and physical (e.g., stimulant abuse, natural disease, and obesity) dimensions. While the presence of these factors has been well-documented, their empirical significance, interactions and causal sequence have yet to be established. To increase the methodological rigor of subsequent research, we have developed a comprehensive, national custody death database by which multivariate models may be analyzed.

摘要

先前发表的研究表明,在警方拘留期间突然、意外且最初无法解释的死亡事件中,存在一系列多样但相对一致的因素。这项回顾性分析考察了美国马里兰州警方拘留期间的死亡事件。警方拘留死亡事件的定义包括在警方与公民接触期间突然和意外发生的死亡。仅纳入最初死因无法确定的死亡事件。自杀性上吊、警方枪击和致命追捕不包括在内。对马里兰州首席法医办公室记录的审查表明,1990年至2004年期间,有45人在警方拘留期间突然意外死亡。与现有研究一致,我们的分析确定了这类警方拘留死亡事件中通常存在的多个因素。尽管这些因素因个体而异,但包括行为(如行为不稳定和/或暴力行为以及肢体挣扎)和身体(如滥用兴奋剂、自然疾病和肥胖)方面相对固定的一组因素。虽然这些因素的存在已有充分记录,但其实际意义、相互作用和因果顺序尚未确定。为了提高后续研究的方法严谨性,我们开发了一个全面的全国拘留死亡数据库,通过该数据库可以分析多变量模型。

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