López-Mancisidor Patricia, Van den Brink Paul J, Crum Steven J H, Maund Steve J, Carbonell Gregoria, Brock Theo C M
Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute of Agirculture, Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2008 Jun;27(6):1317-31. doi: 10.1897/07-270.1. Epub 2008 Jan 22.
Outdoor experimental ditches were used to evaluate the influence of untreated refuges on the recovery of zooplankton communities following treatment with the fast-dissipating insecticide lufenuron. Each experimental ditch was divided into three sections of the same surface area. The treatments differed in the proportion of ditch (0, 33, 67, and 100% of the surface area) to which the insecticide was applied at the same nominal treatment (3 mug/L). During the first week postapplication, a barrier was placed between treated and untreated ditch sections. The untreated sections were included to provide a source of organisms for recovery of affected zooplankton populations in the treated sections of the ditch after the removal of the barrier. Cyclopoida were the most affected by lufenuron treatment, followed by Daphnia gr. galeata. These and other direct effects of treatment on larvae of the phantom midge Chaoborus spp. resulted in clear indirect effects on populations of Calanoida, Ceriodaphnia, and Rotifera. Overall, faster recovery of the zooplankton community was observed in the treated sections of ditches that were sprayed for a smaller proportion of their surface area. Nevertheless, individual zooplankton populations showed considerable differences in rate of recovery. Cyclopoida showed a relatively slow rate of recovery even in the partially treated ditches. Daphnia gr. galeata recovered more rapidly in treated ditch sections in the presence of unsprayed ditch sections, illustrating the potential influence of unexposed refuges. Furthermore, the presence of refuges most likely dampened the magnitude and duration of indirect effects in the ditches treated with lufenuron.
利用室外实验沟渠评估未处理的避难区域对使用快速消散型杀虫剂虱螨脲处理后浮游动物群落恢复的影响。每个实验沟渠被分成三个表面积相同的部分。处理方式的不同之处在于，在相同的标称处理浓度（3微克/升）下，施用杀虫剂的沟渠比例（占表面积的0%、33%、67%和100%）不同。在施药后的第一周，在已处理和未处理的沟渠部分之间设置了一道屏障。设置未处理部分是为了在移除屏障后，为受影响的浮游动物种群在沟渠的已处理部分的恢复提供生物来源。剑水蚤目受虱螨脲处理的影响最大，其次是大型溞属。处理对幽灵蚊摇蚊属幼虫的这些及其他直接影响，对哲水蚤目、角突网纹溞和轮虫种群产生了明显的间接影响。总体而言，在喷洒面积比例较小的沟渠已处理部分，观察到浮游动物群落恢复得更快。然而，各个浮游动物种群在恢复速度上存在相当大的差异。即使在部分处理的沟渠中，剑水蚤目的恢复速度也相对较慢。在有未喷洒沟渠部分存在的情况下，大型溞属在已处理的沟渠部分恢复得更快，这说明了未受影响的避难区域的潜在影响。此外，避难区域的存在很可能减弱了用虱螨脲处理的沟渠中间接影响的程度和持续时间。
