Shen Chaopeng, Phanikumar Mantha S, Fong Theng T, Aslam Irfan, McElmurry Shawn P, Molloy Stephanie L, Rose Joan B
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Apr 1;42(7):2426-31. doi: 10.1021/es702317t.
Viruses are important pathogens in both marine and fresh water environments. There is a strong interest in using bacteriophages as tracers because of their role as model viruses, since dissolved chemical tracers may not adequately describe the behavior of viruses that are suspended colloids. Despite a large number of studies that examined the transport of bacteriophages in the subsurface environment, few studies examined phage transport in large and complex surface water systems. In this paper we report the results of a dual tracer study on a 40 km reach of the Grand River, the longest river in Michigan, and we examine the performance of bacteriophage P22 relative to a chemical tracer (Rhodamine WT). Our analysis based on the transient storage (TS) model indicated that P22 can be successfully used as a tracer in complex surface water environments. Estimated P22 inactivation rates were found to be in the range 0.27-0.57 per day (0.12-0.25 log10 per day). The highest inactivation rate was found in a reach with high suspended solids concentration, relatively low dissolved organic carbon content, and sediment with high clay content. Estimated TS model parameters for both tracers were found to be consistent with surficial geology and land use patterns. Maximum storage zone sizes for the two tracers were found in different river reaches, indicating that different processes contributed to TS within the same reach for the two tracers. This model can be used to examine the arrival times and concentrations of human viral pathogens released from untreated sewage at recreational areas.
病毒是海洋和淡水环境中的重要病原体。由于噬菌体作为模型病毒的作用，人们对将其用作示踪剂有着浓厚的兴趣，因为溶解的化学示踪剂可能无法充分描述作为悬浮胶体的病毒的行为。尽管有大量研究考察了噬菌体在地下环境中的运移，但很少有研究考察噬菌体在大型复杂地表水系统中的运移。在本文中，我们报告了对密歇根州最长的河流格兰德河40公里河段进行的双示踪剂研究结果，并考察了噬菌体P22相对于化学示踪剂（若丹明WT）的性能。我们基于瞬态存储（TS）模型的分析表明，P22可以成功地用作复杂地表水环境中的示踪剂。估计P22的失活速率在每天0.27 - 0.57（每天0.12 - 0.25 log10）范围内。在悬浮固体浓度高、溶解有机碳含量相对低且粘土含量高的沉积物的河段中发现了最高的失活速率。发现两种示踪剂的估计TS模型参数与表层地质和土地利用模式一致。在不同的河段发现了两种示踪剂的最大存储区大小，这表明在同一河段内，不同的过程对两种示踪剂的瞬态存储有贡献。该模型可用于研究在娱乐区域未经处理的污水中释放的人类病毒病原体的到达时间和浓度。
