Case two: A Kantian approach to the morality of blood substitute clinical trials without informed consent.

Clinical trials in a number of countries are now underway to evaluate experimental, non-human blood substitute. One scenario calls for the blood substitute to be available on board emergency vehicles. This allows first responders the opportunity to provide transfusion support at an accident site and on the way to the hospital. However, many of the patients who would most benefit from the use of this material may be unconscious and unable to comprehend or sign an informed consent. One possible solution would be to eliminate the need for informed consent.