Sonenshine Daniel E, Hynes Wayne L
Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Front Biosci. 2008 May 1;13:7046-63. doi: 10.2741/3209.
Compared to insects, little is known about innate immunity in ticks. This chapter addresses the molecular processes that recognize non-self and the cellular and molecular processes mobilized to phagocytose, engulf, inhibit or kill invaders. We discuss the receptors that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the putative up-regulation of regulatory cascades that lead, ultimately, to cellular or molecular responses. We describe the molecular events that activate the cellular processes and the array of humoral factors that are mobilized against invading organisms, including antimicrobial peptides, proteases and protease inhibitors, lectins, coagulation factors and others. Special attention is directed to the antimicrobial activity of the midgut, the initial site of contact for microbes ingested with the blood. Blood feeding and digestion alone up-regulates an impressive array of proteins, e.g. oxidative stress reducing proteins, lectins, protease inhibitors, proteases, hydrolases, protein/lipid binding agents. Finally, we compare the innate immune responses of ticks with insects and other invertebrates and note deficiencies in our knowledge tick innate immunity.
与昆虫相比，人们对蜱虫的先天免疫了解甚少。本章探讨识别非自身的分子过程以及为吞噬、吞噬、抑制或杀死入侵者而调动的细胞和分子过程。我们讨论识别病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）的受体以及最终导致细胞或分子反应的调节级联的假定上调。我们描述激活细胞过程的分子事件以及针对入侵生物体调动的一系列体液因子，包括抗菌肽、蛋白酶和蛋白酶抑制剂、凝集素、凝血因子等。特别关注中肠的抗菌活性，中肠是随血液摄入的微生物的初始接触部位。仅血液摄取和消化就会上调一系列令人印象深刻的蛋白质，例如氧化应激还原蛋白、凝集素、蛋白酶抑制剂、蛋白酶、水解酶、蛋白质/脂质结合剂。最后，我们将蜱虫的先天免疫反应与昆虫和其他无脊椎动物进行比较，并指出我们对蜱虫先天免疫知识的不足。
