Nap R C, Hazewinkel H A, van 't Klooster A T
Afdeling Orthopedie van de vakgroep Geneeskunde van Gezelschapsdieren, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1991 Jun 15;116(12):609-27.
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) play important roles during growth, including effects on enchondral ossification. GH plasma concentration is strongly influenced by the nutritional status of the dog. Fasting induces a non-responsiveness of the liver to GH, leading to a decrease in IGF-I release by the liver and a delay in growth. Overfeeding leads to abnormal skeletal development, i.e., osteochondrosis and hip dysplasia. Subnormal plasma concentrations of sex hormones lead to a delay in physiologic epiphysiodesis, whereas high levels of sex steroids may induce premature physeal closure. Dietary calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D are important factors in the process of enchondral ossification. If these nutrients are inadequate, imbalanced, or oversupplemented, skeletal development in young growing dogs can be disturbed, leading tot severe pathologic changes. Energy requirements decrease gradually during the first year of life and unrestricted feeding can easily lead to pups being overweight. The protein requirements are strongly influenced by the quality and digestibility of protein sources in the food. In dog foods 12-14 g protein/1000 kJ appears to be adequate for growth. It is likely that the two most commonly made mistakes in dog nutrition in the Netherlands, are oversupplementation with energy and/or calcium. Restricted feeding is advised during growth and no food-additives are required when commercially prepared complete dog foods are used.
生长激素（GH）和胰岛素样生长因子I（IGF-I）在生长过程中发挥着重要作用，包括对软骨内成骨的影响。犬的生长激素血浆浓度受营养状况的强烈影响。禁食会导致肝脏对生长激素无反应，从而导致肝脏释放的胰岛素样生长因子I减少以及生长延迟。过度喂食会导致骨骼发育异常，即骨软骨病和髋关节发育不良。性激素血浆浓度低于正常水平会导致生理性骺板骨化延迟，而高水平的性类固醇可能会导致骨骺过早闭合。膳食中的钙、磷和维生素D是软骨内成骨过程中的重要因素。如果这些营养素不足、失衡或补充过量，幼年生长犬的骨骼发育可能会受到干扰，导致严重的病理变化。能量需求在生命的第一年逐渐降低，不受限制的喂食很容易导致幼犬超重。蛋白质需求受食物中蛋白质来源的质量和消化率的强烈影响。在狗粮中，12 - 14克蛋白质/1000千焦似乎足以满足生长需求。在荷兰，犬类营养中最常犯的两个错误可能是能量和/或钙补充过量。建议在生长期间限制喂食，当使用商业制备的全价狗粮时不需要添加食物添加剂。
