Dudley Edward G
Department of Food Science, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2008 Aug;5(4):473-85. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0104.
High-throughput genetic screens provide great insights into the biochemistry and molecular biology of how bacteria sense, respond to, and propagate within their environments. Genomics era techniques such as microarrays and proteomics have great potential to increase our understanding of how foodborne pathogens grow and survive within animal and human hosts, in the environment and foods, and during thermal and nonthermal inactivation protocols. While these techniques are incredibly useful for studying gene expression in simplified in vitro conditions, it is much more challenging to pursue similar studies within more complex experimental models such as in vivo, within the food matrix, or within heterogeneous microbial populations. Techniques such as in vivo expression technology (IVET) and signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) provide alternatives for studying bacterial gene expression and growth requirements within these settings. These techniques are used extensively by the medical, veterinary, and plant research communities for identifying genes promoting the colonization and disease process, factors mediating commensalism between bacteria and their host, and genes that promote survival of environmental bacteria within natural settings. Research into the transmission and survival of foodborne pathogens from farm-to-fork would likely benefit from these techniques, however there are few reports describing their use for such purposes. This review will briefly cover the methods of IVET and STM, discuss how these techniques improved our understanding of the interactions between zoonotic foodborne pathogens and their animal hosts, and ask whether these techniques could be further exploited to better understand the survival of foodborne pathogens within the environment, within food matrices, and during inactivation protocols.
高通量基因筛选为深入了解细菌如何在其环境中感知、响应和繁殖的生物化学及分子生物学提供了重要见解。基因组学时代的技术，如微阵列和蛋白质组学，在增强我们对食源性病原体在动物和人类宿主、环境及食品中，以及在热灭活和非热灭活过程中的生长和存活方式的理解方面具有巨大潜力。虽然这些技术对于在简化的体外条件下研究基因表达非常有用，但在更复杂的实验模型中，如体内、食品基质中或异质微生物群体中进行类似研究则更具挑战性。体内表达技术（IVET）和标记诱变技术（STM）等技术为在这些环境中研究细菌基因表达和生长需求提供了替代方法。医学、兽医和植物研究领域广泛使用这些技术来鉴定促进定植和疾病进程的基因、介导细菌与其宿主之间共生关系的因子，以及促进环境细菌在自然环境中存活的基因。对食源性病原体从农场到餐桌的传播和存活的研究可能会受益于这些技术，然而很少有报告描述它们在此类目的中的应用。本综述将简要介绍IVET和STM方法，讨论这些技术如何增进我们对人畜共患食源性病原体与其动物宿主之间相互作用的理解，并探讨这些技术是否可以进一步用于更好地了解食源性病原体在环境、食品基质中以及灭活过程中的存活情况。
