Gold nanoparticle-based assays for the detection of biologically relevant molecules.

Metallic nanoparticles of different sizes, shapes and compositions are being avidly explored as materials for next-generation biological labels, therapeutic agents, 'artificial viruses' and diagnostic probes. Gold nanoparticles especially, are making a major impact in these areas, owing in large part to their ease of functionality, low toxicity and unique optical properties. In particular, gold nanoparticles are having a major role in the development of highly sensitive and selective assays for biologically relevant molecules. Some of the assays for nucleic acids and proteins developed in the last 10 years outperform established methods and may soon find routine use in hospital settings.