Enhancing transduction of the liver by adeno-associated viral vectors.

A number of distinct factors acting at different stages of the adeno-associated virus vector (AAV)-mediated gene transfer process were found to influence murine hepatocyte transduction. Foremost among these was the viral capsid protein. Self-complementary (sc) AAV pseudotyped with capsid from serotype 8 or rh.10 mediated fourfold greater hepatocyte transduction for a given vector dose when compared with vector packaged with AAV7 capsid. An almost linear relationship between vector dose and transgene expression was noted for all serotypes with vector doses as low as 1 x 10(7) vg per mouse (4 x 10(8) vg kg(-1)) mediating therapeutic levels of human FIX (hFIX) expression. Gender significantly influenced scAAV-mediated transgene expression, with twofold higher levels of expression observed in male compared with female mice. Pretreatment of mice with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib increased scAAV-mediated hFIX expression from 4+/-0.6 to 9+/-2 microg ml(-1) in female mice, although the effect of this agent was less profound in males. Exposure of mice to adenovirus 10-20 weeks after gene transfer with AAV vectors augmented AAV transgene expression twofold by increasing the level of proviral mRNA. Hence, optimization of individual steps in the AAV gene transfer process can further enhance the potency of AAV-mediated transgene expression, thus increasing the probability of successful gene therapy.