Lehmann Laurent, Perrin Nicolas
Institute of Ecology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
Am Nat. 2002 May;159(5):451-68. doi: 10.1086/339458.
We investigate the coevolution between philopatry and altruism in island-model populations when kin recognition occurs through phenotype matching. In saturated environments, a good discrimination ability is a necessary prerequisite for the emergence of sociality. Discrimination decreases not only with the average phenotypic similarity between immigrants and residents (i.e., with environmental homogeneity and past gene flow) but also with the sampling variance of similarity distributions (a negative function of the number of traits sampled). Whether discrimination should rely on genetically or environmentally determined traits depends on the apportionment of phenotypic variance and, in particular, on the relative values of e (the among-group component of environmental variance) and r (the among-group component of genetic variance, which also measures relatedness among group members). If r exceeds e, highly heritable cues do better. Discrimination and altruism, however, remain low unless philopatry is enforced by ecological constraints. If e exceeds r, by contrast, nonheritable traits do better. High e values improve discrimination drastically and thus have the potential to drive sociality, even in the absence of ecological constraints. The emergence of sociality thus can be facilitated by enhancing e, which we argue is the main purpose of cue standardization within groups, as observed in many social insects, birds, and mammals, including humans.
我们研究了在通过表型匹配进行亲缘识别时，岛屿模型种群中留居性和利他行为之间的共同进化。在饱和环境中，良好的辨别能力是社会性出现的必要前提。辨别能力不仅会随着移民与居民之间的平均表型相似度（即随着环境同质性和过去的基因流动）而降低，还会随着相似度分布的抽样方差（抽样性状数量的负函数）而降低。辨别应依赖遗传决定还是环境决定的性状，取决于表型方差的分配，尤其取决于e（环境方差的组间成分）和r（遗传方差的组间成分，它也衡量群体成员之间的亲缘关系）的相对值。如果r超过e，高度可遗传的线索表现更好。然而，除非留居性受到生态约束，否则辨别和利他行为仍然较低。相比之下，如果e超过r，非遗传性状表现更好。高e值会极大地提高辨别能力，因此即使在没有生态约束的情况下也有可能推动社会性的发展。社会性的出现因此可以通过提高e来促进，我们认为这是群体内线索标准化的主要目的，正如在许多社会性昆虫、鸟类和哺乳动物（包括人类）中所观察到的那样。
