Johnson A K, Mitloehner F M, Morrow J L, McGlone J J
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3150, USA.
J Anim Sci. 2008 Dec;86(12):3628-34. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1064. Epub 2008 Aug 15.
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of shading wallows during the summer months on lactating sow behavior, performance, and physiology. A total of 128 sows were used during warm weather (May to August 2001) to determine the effects of unshaded (control; n = 8) vs. shaded (SH; n = 8) wallows. Sows ranged over 6 parities and were fed a completely balanced sorghum-based diet. Behavioral data were collected by 15-min scan samples over a 24-h period/wk for a total of 16 wk. All sows were observed twice when litter age was 5 and 15 d, respectively. Respiration rates (breaths/min) were collected on 50 sows (control, n = 25; SH, n = 25) over an 8-wk period when the maximum temperature exceeded 32 degrees C. Ten milliliters of clotted blood and 20 mL of whole blood were obtained by jugular puncture from each sow on the day of weaning to determine total white blood cells, acute phase proteins, packed-cell volume, and chemotaxis and chemokinesis. Descriptive water temperature profiles were measured by using data loggers positioned at 3 levels per wallow: surface water, shallow mud, and deep mud. Behavioral, postural, location, performance, and physiological measurements did not differ (P > 0.05) among wallow treatments. Regardless of treatment, sows spent approximately 82% of their total time budget inside the farrowing hut and only approximately 7% of their total time budget in the wallow. A total of 428 piglets died, 219 in the control treatment and 209 in the SH treatment. The majority of piglets in both treatments died of crushing within the first 72 h after parturition, and most of the piglets had suckled. Shade kept the shallow water profile cooler during the hotter afternoon temperatures compared with the control wallows. In SH for both the shallow and deep mud profiles, temperatures were consistent throughout the day. In conclusion, sows spent a large percentage of their daily time budget inside the farrowing hut and spent only brief episodes in the wallow. Shading the wallow did not result in increased wallow use time or improvements in sow physiology and overall performance.
本研究的目的是确定夏季有遮阳的打滚区对泌乳母猪行为、生产性能和生理状况的影响。在温暖天气（2001年5月至8月）期间，共使用了128头母猪来确定无遮阳（对照；n = 8）与有遮阳（SH；n = 8）的打滚区的影响。母猪涵盖6个胎次，饲喂完全平衡的高粱型日粮。行为数据通过每周24小时内每15分钟进行一次扫描取样来收集，共持续16周。当仔猪日龄分别为5天和15天时，对所有母猪各观察两次。在最高温度超过32摄氏度的8周期间，对50头母猪（对照，n = 25；SH，n = 25）收集呼吸频率（次/分钟）。在断奶当天，通过颈静脉穿刺从每头母猪采集10毫升凝血和20毫升全血，以测定总白细胞、急性期蛋白、红细胞压积以及趋化性和趋动性（游走）。使用数据记录器测量每个打滚区三个深度（地表水、浅泥和深泥）的水温，以描述水温变化情况。不同打滚区处理之间的行为、姿势、位置、生产性能和生理测量结果无差异（P > 0.05）。无论处理方式如何，母猪大约82%的总时间预算是在产仔舍内度过的，而在打滚区的时间仅占总时间预算的约7%。共有428头仔猪死亡，对照处理组有219头，SH处理组有209头。两个处理组中的大多数仔猪在分娩后的头72小时内死于被母猪压死，并且大多数仔猪已经吃过奶。与对照打滚区相比，在较热的下午温度时段，遮阳使浅水区域的水温更低。在SH处理的浅泥和深泥区域，全天温度保持一致。总之，母猪在产仔舍内度过了大部分日常时间预算，在打滚区停留的时间很短。给打滚区遮阳并未增加母猪在打滚区的使用时间，也未改善母猪的生理状况和整体生产性能。
