Ongeri D M K, Lalah J O, Wandiga S O, Schramm K W, Michalke B
Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno, Kenya.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009 Jan;82(1):64-9. doi: 10.1007/s00128-008-9530-6. Epub 2008 Sep 12.
In this study, the distribution and sources of inputs of trace metals including Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb from various sources as well as Fe which is widely used in the construction industry, into Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria were investigated. The sampling sites were located up streams and down streams of four rivers (Sio, Nyamasaria, Nyando and Sondu-Miriu), in four beaches along the lake (Port Victoria, Kisumu Car Wash, Dunga and Hippo point beaches) and in three estates (Nyamasaria, Migosi and Nyawita) in Kisumu city, covering potential agrochemical and industrial sources and drinking water points, respectively. The concentrations (in microg/L) of trace metals analysed in the lake and river waters ranged from <1.79 (Cd), <3.83 (Pb), <1.53-3.86 (Cu), 4.37-11.6 (Zn), 11.8-2,440 (Fe). The sediment concentrations (in microg/kg x 10(3)) ranged from 0.19 to 1.91 (Cd), 6.86-138 (Pb), 18-100 (Cu), 36.2-443 (Zn) and 960-73,200 (Fe), with highest concentrations of all metals being recorded at Kisumu Car Wash area. The study confirmed that the concentrations of the metals accumulate downstream in the rivers both in water and sediment and these rivers are major sources of the heavy metal load into Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria.
在本研究中，调查了包括镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）和铅（Pb）等各种来源的微量金属以及在建筑行业广泛使用的铁（Fe）输入维多利亚湖维纳姆湾的分布和来源。采样点位于四条河流（西奥河、尼亚马萨里亚河、尼扬多河和松杜-米里乌河）的上游和下游、沿湖的四个海滩（维多利亚港、基苏木洗车场、邓加和河马角海滩）以及基苏木市的三个居民区（尼亚马萨里亚、米戈西和尼亚维塔），分别覆盖潜在的农用化学品和工业源以及饮用水点。在湖水和河水中分析的微量金属浓度（以微克/升计）范围为<1.79（Cd）、<3.83（Pb）、<1.53 - 3.86（Cu）、4.37 - 11.6（Zn）、11.8 - 2440（Fe）。沉积物浓度（以微克/千克×10³计）范围为0.19至1.91（Cd）、6.86 - 138（Pb）、18 - 100（Cu）、36.2 - 443（Zn）和960 - 73200（Fe），所有金属的最高浓度都记录在基苏木洗车场区域。该研究证实，这些金属的浓度在河流下游的水和沉积物中都会累积，并且这些河流是维多利亚湖维纳姆湾重金属负荷的主要来源。
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