Chemosystematics of the rosiflorae.

The superorder Rosiflorae (sensu Dahlgren, 1980) belongs to the Angiospermae. It comprises twelve orders and thirty-eight families formed of species with varied habits widely distributed in temperate regions. The chemistry of Rosiflorae species is highly diversified; nevertheless it shows clearly phylogenetic affinity among the orders, except for Buxales. Flavonoids and triterpenoids are the real taxonomic markers for the superorder, due not only to the great number of occurrences, but also to the high structural diversity. On the other hand, the alkaloids are suitable as chemical markers only for the order Buxales. For orders and families of Rosiflorae, analysis of correlations among chemical parameters based on flavonoids and triterpenoids, with themselves and with the morphological and chemo-morphological parameters, showed evolutionary gradients among these taxa in which Trochodendrales occupy a primitive position while Saxifragales have the outpost. According to the types of flavonoids found in the superorder, there is clearly a higher incidence of flavonols than flavones, suggesting a primitive status of the Rosiflorae. Evolutionary advancement parameters relative to flavonoid hydroxyl protection show preferential protection mechanisms of glycosylation against methylation as well as a high percentage of free hydroxyl groups. The order Buxales has an isolated position in the superorder Rosiflorae with a high alkaloid production, which is quite exclusive to this taxon.