Complexity and postmodernism in contemporary theory of psychoanalytic change.

The contemporary literature on change in psychoanalysis has struggled to integrate recent developments in theory. Reasons for its limitations are discussed. The present article brings to bear relevant concepts drawn from postmodernism and complexity theory on ideas about how change occurs in psychoanalysis. In elaborating these two skeins, it looks critically at some recent attempts to incorporate them and considers their relationship to each other. A general description of complexity theory is offered because it has not yet been well documented in the analytic literature. Postmodern theory is talked about in relation to change; it has been discussed more generally in the author's earlier work. Ways in which postmodernism and complexity theory can inform psychoanalysis but also constrain some of its assumptions are explored. The nature and occurrence of qualitative events of psychoanalytic change are described. Four kinds of such events are described and illustrated with clinical vignettes. Analytic change viewed from a macro rather than a micro level is also discussed.