Bengtson Nash S M, Poulsen A H, Kawaguchi S, Vetter W, Schlabach M
The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4180, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2008 Dec 15;407(1):304-14. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.034. Epub 2008 Oct 10.
A baseline for persistent organohalogen compound (POC) accumulation in the Antarctic keystone species, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) has been established for a 50 degrees longitudinal range of the eastern Antarctic sector. Samples of adult krill, caught from 12 sites distributed between 30 degrees and 80 degrees E (60-70 degrees S), were analysed for >100 organohalogen compounds including chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated organic compounds and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). Organochlorine pesticides dominated measured krill contaminant burdens with hexachlorobenzene (HCB) as the single most abundant compound quantified. Krill HCB concentrations were comparable to those detected at this trophic level in both the Arctic and temperate northwest Atlantic, lending support for the hypothesis that HCB will approach global equilibrium at a faster rate than other POCs. Para, para'-dichlorodiphenylethene (p,p'-DDE) was detected at notable concentrations. Measurements of DDT and its degradation products provide an important baseline for monitoring the temporal and geographical influence of renewed, DDT usage for malaria-control in affected southern hemisphere countries. In contrast to the Arctic, PCBs did not feature prominently in contaminant burdens of Antarctic krill. The major commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners -99 and -47 were quantified at low background levels with clear concentration spikes observed at around 70 degrees E , in the vicinity of modern, active research stations. The likelihood that local anthropogenic activities are supplementing low PBDE levels, delivered otherwise primarily via long range environmental transport, is discussed. The suspected naturally occurring brominated organic compound, 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA), was a ubiquitous contaminant in all samples whereas the only PCDD/Fs quantifiable were trace levels of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and 1,2,3,4,7,8/1,2,3,4,7,9-hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF). With the aims of; i) Generating a robust and broadly applicable POC auditing platform for the scarcely studied eastern Antarctic sector; ii) Determining the compounds accumulating in Antarctic krill for further toxicity evaluation studies and iii) Establishing a baseline for Antarctic predator exposure to POCs, this study represents one of the most comprehensive reports of POC contamination of the Antarctic food web to date.
已针对南极东部地区50度经度范围，建立了南极关键物种南极磷虾（Euphausia superba）体内持久性有机卤素化合物（POC）积累情况的基线。对从东经30度至80度（南纬60 - 70度）之间分布的12个地点捕获的成年磷虾样本，分析了100多种有机卤素化合物，包括氯代农药、多氯联苯（PCBs）、多溴有机化合物以及多氯代二苯并 - p - 二恶英/呋喃（PCDD/Fs）。有机氯农药在测得的磷虾污染物负荷中占主导地位，六氯苯（HCB）是定量分析中含量最丰富的单一化合物。磷虾体内的HCB浓度与北极和温带西北大西洋该营养级检测到的浓度相当，这支持了以下假设：与其他POC相比，HCB将以更快的速度接近全球平衡。对二氯二苯乙烯（p,p'-DDE）被检测到显著浓度。滴滴涕（DDT）及其降解产物的测量为监测受影响的南半球国家重新使用DDT控制疟疾的时间和地理影响提供了重要基线。与北极不同，PCBs在南极磷虾的污染物负荷中并不突出。主要的商业多溴二苯醚（PBDE）同系物 - 99和 - 47在低背景水平下被定量，在东经70度左右，现代活跃研究站附近观察到明显的浓度峰值。讨论了当地人为活动补充原本主要通过远距离环境传输带来的低PBDE水平的可能性。疑似天然存在的溴化有机化合物2,4,6 - 三溴苯甲醚（TBA）是所有样本中普遍存在的污染物，而唯一可定量的PCDD/Fs是痕量水平的八氯二苯并 - p - 二恶英（OCDD）和1,2,3,4,7,8/1,2,3,4,7,9 - 六氯二苯并呋喃（HxCDF）。本研究旨在：i）为研究较少的南极东部地区建立一个强大且广泛适用的POC审计平台；ii）确定在南极磷虾体内积累的化合物，用于进一步的毒性评估研究；iii）为南极捕食者接触POC建立基线，是迄今为止关于南极食物网POC污染最全面的报告之一。
