Surprenant Annmarie, North R Alan
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
Annu Rev Physiol. 2009;71:333-59. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100630.
P2X receptors are membrane cation channels gated by extracellular ATP. Seven P2X receptor subunits (P2X(1-7)) are widely distributed in excitable and nonexcitable cells of vertebrates. They play key roles in inter alia afferent signaling (including pain), regulation of renal blood flow, vascular endothelium, and inflammatory responses. We summarize the evidence for these and other roles, emphasizing experimental work with selective receptor antagonists or with knockout mice. The receptors are trimeric membrane proteins: Studies of the biophysical properties of mutated subunits expressed in heterologous cells have indicated parts of the subunits involved in ATP binding, ion permeation (including calcium permeability), and membrane trafficking. We review our current understanding of the molecular properties of P2X receptors, including how this understanding is informed by the identification of distantly related P2X receptors in simple eukaryotes.
P2X受体是由细胞外ATP门控的膜阳离子通道。七种P2X受体亚基（P2X(1 - 7)）广泛分布于脊椎动物的可兴奋细胞和非可兴奋细胞中。它们在传入信号传导（包括疼痛）、肾血流量调节、血管内皮和炎症反应等方面发挥关键作用。我们总结了这些及其他作用的证据，重点强调了使用选择性受体拮抗剂或基因敲除小鼠的实验工作。这些受体是三聚体膜蛋白：对在异源细胞中表达的突变亚基的生物物理特性研究表明了亚基中参与ATP结合、离子通透（包括钙通透性）和膜运输的部分。我们回顾了目前对P2X受体分子特性的理解，包括简单真核生物中远距离相关P2X受体的鉴定如何为这一理解提供信息。
