Phytopathology. 1998 Jul;88(7):637-47. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.7.637.
ABSTRACT Pollination of the edible fig (Ficus carica cv. Calimyrna) is mediated by a small symbiotic wasp, Blastophaga psenes, that inhabits the syconium cavity of the spring crop of fig pollinator trees (caprifigs). These fig wasps also carry propagules, mainly of Fusarium verticillioides (formerly F. moniliforme) and other Fusarium spp., which cause endosepsis, from pollinator figs to the edible Calimyrna figs in California. Spread of endosepsis was studied in one experimental and up to four commercial Calimyrna fig orchards from 1989 through 1995. The incidence of endosepsis in fruit collected from the tree canopy at either <2.0 m (low) or >2.0 m (high) height, from the north and south of the tree canopy, and from the outer (direct sunlight) and inner (shaded) canopy were similar. More wasps were captured in fig trees located 3.5 to 10 m east or west of the source than in trees 48 to 63 m from the source. In addition, significantly more wasps entered the syconia of trees closest (9 to 12.7 m) to the source than the syconia of the second or third trees (18 to 38.2 m) from the source. Endosepsis decreased with distance from the source, decreasing faster to the south than in other directions from the source. In addition, the disease-vectoring wasps decreased with increased distance from the source, which also described the disease spread from the contamination source for most directions, with a sharper decline south of the source. A 3-year study in three commercial Calimyrna orchards showed there is no secondary spread of fig endosepsis in the field. Although endosepsis can complete as many cycles (three to four) as its vector in fig pollinator trees, in Calimyrna figs it is considered a monocyclic disease. Because fig wasp pollinators prefer to stay close to the contamination source when receptive Calimyrna figs are available in close proximity, only disease sources (caprifigs trees) found among Calimyrna trees or at a distance less than 50 m from the borders of Calimyrna orchards affect endosepsis incidence in commercial orchards.
食用番荔枝（Ficus carica cv. Calimyrna）的授粉是由一种小型共生黄蜂（Blastophaga psenes）介导的，这种黄蜂栖息在春季传粉者树木（榕属）的榕果腔中。这些榕果黄蜂还携带主要为镰孢菌（Fusarium verticillioides（原 F. moniliforme）和其他镰孢菌属）的繁殖体，这些繁殖体从传粉榕果传播到加利福尼亚的食用 Calimyrna 榕果中，引起内腐病。1989 年至 1995 年，在一个实验和四个商业 Calimyrna 番荔枝果园中研究了内腐病的传播。从树冠的北、南、高（<2.0 m）和低（>2.0 m）高度以及树冠的内（阴凉）和外（阳光直射）侧采集的果实中，内腐病的发病率相似。与距离源 48 至 63 米的树木相比，距离源 3.5 至 10 米的树木中捕获的黄蜂更多。此外，与距离源最远的树木相比，距离源最近（9 至 12.7 米）的树木中的黄蜂进入榕果的数量显著更多。内腐病随距离源的增加而减少，从源向南的减少速度比其他方向更快。此外，随着距离源的增加，传病黄蜂的数量也减少了，这也描述了大多数方向上从污染源传播疾病的情况，而在源的南部则急剧下降。在三个商业 Calimyrna 果园进行的为期 3 年的研究表明，田间不存在内腐病的二次传播。尽管内腐病可以在传粉榕果树上完成与传病黄蜂相同数量的循环（三到四个），但在 Calimyrna 榕果中，它被认为是一种单循环疾病。由于榕果黄蜂传粉者在接受性 Calimyrna 榕果在近距离内可用时，更喜欢留在污染源附近，因此只有在 Calimyrna 树中或距离 Calimyrna 果园边界小于 50 米的地方发现的病害源（榕属树木）才会影响商业果园内腐病的发病率。
