Uusi-Kämppä Jaana, Heinonen-Tanski Helvi
MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, E-talo, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
J Environ Qual. 2008 Oct 23;37(6):2339-50. doi: 10.2134/jeq2007.0428. Print 2008 Nov-Dec.
The recent growth in the size of dairy cattle farms and the concentration of farms into smaller areas in Finland may increase local water pollution due to increased manure production and slurry application to grass. Therefore, a field study was conducted to monitor losses of total phosphorus (TP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and fecal microorganisms in surface runoff from a perennial ley. Cattle slurry was added once a year in June 1996-1997 (Study I) and biannually in June and October 1998-2000 (Study II). The slurry was surface broadcast or injected into the clay soil. The field had a slope of 0.9 to 1.7%. Mineral fertilizer was applied on control plots. Biannual slurry broadcasting increased DRP (p < 0.001) and TP losses (p < 0.001) and numbers of fecal microorganisms in surface runoff waters. The highest losses of TP (2.7 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) and DRP (2.2 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) and the highest numbers of fecal coliforms (880 colony-forming units [CFU] per 100 mL) and somatic coliphages (2700 plaque-forming units [PFU] per 100 mL) were measured after broadcasting slurry to wet soil followed by rainfall in fall 1998. Injection reduced the TP and DRP losses in surface runoff by 79 and 86%, respectively, compared with broadcasting (17 Oct. 1998-27 Oct. 1999). Corresponding numbers for fecal coliforms were 350 CFU (100 mL)(-1) and for somatic coliphages were 110 PFU (100 mL)(-1) in surface runoff after injection in October 1998. Slurry injection should be favored when spreading slurry amendments to grassland to avoid losses of P and fecal microorganisms in runoff to surface waters.
芬兰近期奶牛养殖场规模的扩大以及养殖场在较小区域的集中，可能会因粪便产量增加和向草地施用粪肥而加剧当地水污染。因此，开展了一项田间研究，以监测多年生草地地表径流中总磷（TP）、溶解性活性磷（DRP）和粪便微生物的流失情况。1996 - 1997年6月每年添加一次牛粪（研究I），1998 - 2000年6月和10月每半年添加一次（研究II）。粪肥采用撒施或注入黏土土壤的方式。该田地坡度为0.9%至1.7%。对照地块施用矿物肥料。每半年撒施粪肥增加了地表径流水中的DRP（p < 0.001）和TP流失（p < 0.001）以及粪便微生物数量。1998年秋季向湿润土壤撒施粪肥后降雨，测得TP最高流失量为2.7千克·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹，DRP最高流失量为2.2千克·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹，粪便大肠菌群最高数量为每100毫升880菌落形成单位（CFU），体细胞噬菌体最高数量为每100毫升2700噬菌斑形成单位（PFU）。与撒施相比，注入减少了地表径流中TP和DRP流失，分别减少了79%和86%（1998年10月17日至1999年10月27日）。1998年10月注入后，地表径流中粪便大肠菌群相应数量为350 CFU（100毫升）⁻¹，体细胞噬菌体数量为110 PFU（100毫升）⁻¹。在向草地施用粪肥改良剂时，应优先选择注入方式，以避免径流中磷和粪便微生物流失到地表水。
