Cook Kimberly L, Rothrock Michael J, Warren Jason G, Sistani Karamat R, Moore Philip A
Animal Waste Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 230 Bennett Lane, Bowling Green, KY 42104, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2008 Oct 23;37(6):2360-7. doi: 10.2134/jeq2008.0024. Print 2008 Nov-Dec.
Microbial mineralization of urea and uric acid in poultry litter results in the production of ammonia, which can lead to decreased poultry performance, malodorous emissions, and loss of poultry litter value as a fertilizer. Despite the fact that this is a microbial process, little is known about how the microbial populations, especially ammonia-producing (ureolytic) organisms in poultry litter, respond to litter amendments such as aluminum sulfate (Al(2)(SO(4))(3).14H(2)O; alum). The goal of this study was to measure the temporal changes in total bacterial and fungal populations and urease-producing microorganisms in nontreated litter or litter treated with 10% alum. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to target the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, the fungal 18S rRNA gene, or the urease gene of bacterial and fungal ammonia producers in a poultry litter incubation study. Nontreated poultry litter had relatively high total (2.8 +/- 0.8 x 10(10) cells g(-1) litter) and ureolytic (2.8 +/- 1.3 x 10(8) cells g(-1) litter) bacterial populations. Alum treatment reduced the total bacterial population by 50% and bacterial urease producers by 90% within 4 wk. In contrast, at 16 wk after alum treatment, the fungal population was three orders of magnitude higher in alum-treated litter than in nontreated litter (3.5 +/- 0.8 x 10(7) cells g(-1) litter and 5.5 +/- 2.5 x 10(4) cells g(-1) litter, respectively). The decrease in pH produced by alum treatment is believed to inhibit bacterial populations and favor growth of fungi that may be responsible for the mineralization of organic nitrogen in alum-treated litters.
家禽粪便中尿素和尿酸的微生物矿化作用会产生氨，这可能导致家禽生产性能下降、产生恶臭排放物，并使家禽粪便作为肥料的价值降低。尽管这是一个微生物过程，但对于微生物群落，尤其是家禽粪便中产生氨的（尿素分解的）生物体如何响应诸如硫酸铝（Al₂(SO₄)₃·14H₂O；明矾）等粪便改良剂，人们知之甚少。本研究的目的是测量未处理粪便或用10%明矾处理的粪便中细菌和真菌总数以及产脲酶微生物的时间变化。在一项家禽粪便培养研究中，使用定量实时聚合酶链反应来靶向细菌16S rRNA基因、真菌18S rRNA基因或细菌和真菌产氨菌的脲酶基因。未处理的家禽粪便具有相对较高的细菌总数（2.8±0.8×10¹⁰个细胞 g⁻¹粪便）和尿素分解菌（2.8±1.3×10⁸个细胞 g⁻¹粪便）。明矾处理在4周内使细菌总数减少了50%，细菌产脲酶菌减少了90%。相比之下，在明矾处理16周后，明矾处理的粪便中的真菌数量比未处理的粪便高三个数量级（分别为3.5±0.8×10⁷个细胞 g⁻¹粪便和5.5±2.5×10⁴个细胞 g⁻¹粪便）。明矾处理导致的pH值下降被认为会抑制细菌群落，并有利于可能负责明矾处理粪便中有机氮矿化的真菌生长。
