Loy D J, Voloshin A S
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015.
J Sports Sci. 1991 Summer;9(2):137-49. doi: 10.1080/02640419108729875.
Physical activities such as stair walking and jumping result in increased dynamic loading on the human musculoskeletal system. Use of light weight, externally attached accelerometers allows for in-vivo monitoring of the shock waves invading the human musculoskeletal system during those activities. Shock waves were measured in four subjects performing stair walking up and down, jumping in place and jumping off a fixed elevation. The results obtained show that walking down a staircase induced shock waves with amplitude of 130% of that observed in walking up stairs and 250% of the shock waves experienced in level gait. The jumping test revealed levels of the shock waves nearly eight times higher than that in level walking. It was also shown that the shock waves invading the human musculoskeletal system may be generated not only by the heel strike, but also by the metatarsal strike. To moderate the risk of degenerative joint disorders four types of viscoelastic insoles were utilized to reduce the impact generated shock waves. The insoles investigated were able to reduce the amplitude of the shock wave by between 9% and 41% depending on the insole type and particular physical activity. The insoles were more effective in the reduction of the heel strike impacts than in the reduction of the metatarsal strike impacts. In all instances, the shock attenuation capacities of the insoles tested were greater in the jumping trials than in the stair walking studies. The insoles were ranked in three groups on the basis of their shock absorbing capacity.
诸如爬楼梯和跳跃等体育活动会增加人体肌肉骨骼系统上的动态负荷。使用轻质的、外部附着的加速度计能够对这些活动期间侵入人体肌肉骨骼系统的冲击波进行体内监测。在四名受试者进行上下楼梯、原地跳跃以及从固定高度跳下的过程中测量了冲击波。所得结果表明，下楼梯时产生的冲击波幅度是上楼梯时的130%，是平地上行走时所经历冲击波的250%。跳跃测试显示，冲击波水平几乎比平地上行走时高八倍。研究还表明，侵入人体肌肉骨骼系统的冲击波不仅可能由脚跟撞击产生，也可能由跖骨撞击产生。为了降低退行性关节疾病的风险，使用了四种类型的粘弹性鞋垫来减少冲击产生的冲击波。所研究的鞋垫能够根据鞋垫类型和特定体育活动将冲击波幅度降低9%至41%。鞋垫在减少脚跟撞击影响方面比减少跖骨撞击影响更有效。在所有情况下，测试鞋垫的减震能力在跳跃试验中比在爬楼梯研究中更大。根据其减震能力，鞋垫被分为三组。
