Riu Jordi, Maroto Alicia, Rius F Xavier
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Campus Sescelades, C/ Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
Talanta. 2006 Apr 15;69(2):288-301. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.045. Epub 2005 Nov 15.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology deal with the study and application of structures of matter of at least one dimension of the order of less than 100 nm (1 nm=one millionth of a millimetre). However, properties related to low dimensions are more important than size. Nanotechnology is based on the fact that some very small structures usually have new properties and behaviour that are not displayed by the bulk matter with the same composition. This overview introduces and discusses the main concepts behind the development of nanosensors and the most relevant applications in the field of environmental analysis. We focus on the effects (many of which are related to the quantum nature) that distinguish nanosensors and give them their particular behaviour. We will review the main types of nanosensors developed to date and highlight the relationship between the property monitored and the type of nanomaterial used. We discuss several nanostructures that are currently used in the development of nanosensors: nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanorods, embedded nanostructures, porous silicon, and self-assembled materials. In each section, we first describe the type of nanomaterial used and explain the properties related to the nanostructure. We then briefly describe the experimental set up and discuss the main advantages and quality parameters of nanosensing devices. Finally, we describe the applications, many of which are in the environmental field.
纳米科学和纳米技术涉及对至少一维尺寸小于100纳米（1纳米等于百万分之一毫米）的物质结构的研究和应用。然而，与低维度相关的特性比尺寸更为重要。纳米技术基于这样一个事实，即一些非常小的结构通常具有与相同组成的块状物质所不具备的新特性和行为。本综述介绍并讨论了纳米传感器发展背后的主要概念以及环境分析领域中最相关的应用。我们关注那些区分纳米传感器并赋予其特殊行为的效应（其中许多与量子性质有关）。我们将回顾迄今为止开发的主要类型的纳米传感器，并强调所监测的特性与所用纳米材料类型之间的关系。我们讨论了目前用于纳米传感器开发的几种纳米结构：纳米颗粒、纳米管、纳米棒、嵌入式纳米结构、多孔硅和自组装材料。在每个部分中，我们首先描述所用纳米材料的类型，并解释与纳米结构相关的特性。然后我们简要描述实验装置，并讨论纳米传感装置的主要优点和质量参数。最后，我们描述其应用，其中许多应用于环境领域。
