Intrarenal renin-angiotensin system.

Phylogenetically the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an ancient regulatory system which has attracted the attention of researchers for about a century. As a result of their efforts, different types of RAS inhibitors are now widely used as therapeutic medicines. The scientific enthusiasm toward RAS remains undiminished and new findings and discoveries are to be expected. Early investigators described the role of RAS in the local control of renal hemodynamics. This correlated well with the morphology of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). Recently developed imaging techniques has allowed for in vivo visualization of cellular functions and the use of molecular biological tools have shed new light on the morphology and physiology of renal RAS, especially in connection with the tubular system. RAS has gained recognition to be more than just an endocrine regulatory system for regulating hemodynamics and water/salt metabolism. RAS is a local tissue and/or cellular regulator with a wide range of effects exerted via various receptors. Local RAS is crucially involved in basic physiological processes like ontogenesis and cell proliferation as well as pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation and tissue fibrosis. These findings may open new frontiers for novel therapeutic approaches. This review focuses only on some specific - less discussed and recently described or hypothesized - morphological and functional aspects of intrarenal RAS, including in vivo imaging of RAS, its effects on juxtaglomerular apparatus and possible cooperative mechanisms among various local renal RAS systems.