Genetic and littermate influences on yawning in two selectively bred strains of rats.

This study was made to separate genetic from postnatal maternal influences on yawning in two strains of Sprague-Dawley rats selected for high- (HY) and low-yawning frequency (LY). Foster mothers of the two strains reared litters of pups in the four possible combinations and yawning was recorded in a novel environment when the adult offspring were 75-day-old. Yawning frequency of males and females was affected by pup strain but not by the strain of the foster mothers, when litter size was made constant; HY adult offspring yawned more than LY adult offspring. Yawning frequency was higher in HY male offspring than in HY female offspring. An interaction term between pup sex and the strain of the foster mothers revealed that while males reared by LY mothers yawned more than males reared by HY mothers, females reared by HY mothers yawned more than females reared by LY mothers. Mean frequency of yawning increased with the sex ratio of HY litters. These findings indicate that genetic and genotype-correlated littermate effects influence yawning frequency of adult offspring in response to a novel environment.