Houlbrèque Fanny, Ferrier-Pagès Christine
Stanford University, Geological & Environmental Sciences, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2009 Feb;84(1):1-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00058.x. Epub 2008 Nov 22.
The dual character of corals, that they are both auto- and heterotrophs, was recognized early in the twentieth Century. It is generally accepted that the symbiotic association between corals and their endosymbiotic algae (called zooxanthellae) is fundamental to the development of coral reefs in oligotrophic tropical oceans because zooxanthellae transfer the major part of their photosynthates to the coral host (autotrophic nutrition). However, numerous studies have confirmed that many species of corals are also active heterotrophs, ingesting organisms ranging from bacteria to mesozooplankton. Heterotrophy accounts for between 0 and 66% of the fixed carbon incorporated into coral skeletons and can meet from 15 to 35% of daily metabolic requirements in healthy corals and up to 100% in bleached corals. Apart from this carbon input, feeding is likely to be important to most scleractinian corals, since nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients that cannot be supplied from photosynthesis by the coral's symbiotic algae must come from zooplankton capture, particulate matter or dissolved compounds. A recent study showed that during bleaching events some coral species, by increasing their feeding rates, are able to maintain and restore energy reserves. This review assesses the importance and effects of heterotrophy in tropical scleractinian corals. We first provide background information on the different food sources (from dissolved organic matter to meso- and macrozooplankton). We then consider the nutritional inputs of feeding. Finally, we review feeding effects on the different physiological parameters of corals (tissue composition, photosynthesis and skeletal growth).
珊瑚具有自养和异养的双重特性，这在20世纪早期就已被认识到。人们普遍认为，珊瑚与其内共生藻类（称为虫黄藻）之间的共生关系对于贫营养热带海洋中珊瑚礁的发育至关重要，因为虫黄藻会将其大部分光合产物转移给珊瑚宿主（自养营养）。然而，大量研究证实，许多珊瑚物种也是活跃的异养生物，会摄取从细菌到中型浮游动物等各种生物。异养在纳入珊瑚骨骼的固定碳中占比0%至66%，在健康珊瑚中可满足其每日代谢需求的15%至35%，在白化珊瑚中则可达100%。除了这种碳输入外，摄食对大多数石珊瑚可能也很重要，因为珊瑚共生藻类光合作用无法提供的氮、磷和其他营养物质必须来自捕获浮游动物、颗粒物质或溶解化合物。最近的一项研究表明，在白化事件期间，一些珊瑚物种通过提高摄食率，能够维持和恢复能量储备。这篇综述评估了异养在热带石珊瑚中的重要性和影响。我们首先提供关于不同食物来源（从溶解有机物到中型和大型浮游动物）的背景信息。然后我们考虑摄食的营养输入。最后，我们综述摄食对珊瑚不同生理参数（组织组成、光合作用和骨骼生长）的影响。
