Hakalahti-Sirén Teija, Mikheev Viktor N, Valtonen E Tellervo
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35 (ya), University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Dis Aquat Organ. 2008 Oct 16;82(1):67-77. doi: 10.3354/dao01971.
Harmful infections by ectoparasites of the genus Argulus occur repeatedly in freshwater fish farming operations where the management has largely been ineffective. Preventative methods and regular monitoring are rarely applied, so that chemical interventions become necessary. According to the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, a sustainable management or control program for a parasite should be based on knowledge of the ecology of the parasite along with adoption of several prevention and control methods, the application of which is dependent upon the prevailing infection level. The application of multiple management tactics is especially important because parasites can develop resistance to chemical treatments. We took a step towards sustainable management of Argulus populations and tested the effect of several types of treatments on survival of A. coregoni at different stages in its life cycle. Parasite juveniles and adults were highly sensitive to potassium permanganate treatments (0.01 g l(-1)), which lead to 100% mortality, whereas treatments with formalin (0.6 ml l(-1)), sodium chloride (20 g l(-1)) or malachite-green/formalin were not effective. Mechanical treatment by shaking infected fish in a hand net was an effective means of detaching parasites from the fish, and resulted in > 80% decreases in parasite numbers. Compared to eggs in control treatments, both drying over a minimum period of 24 h and formalin treatments (120 ml l(-1)) led to significantly higher mortality of A. coregoni eggs. Other treatments, i.e. drying over a period of 15 h, baths in potassium permanganate (1 g l(-1)) or sodium chloride (50 g l(-1)), did not significantly affect the viability of eggs. Based on the present results and previously published papers, we present an initial framework showing how A. coregoni populations could be managed effectively.
在淡水养鱼场中，鱼虱属的外寄生虫引发的有害感染反复出现，而在这些养鱼场中，管理措施大多无效。预防措施和定期监测很少实施，因此化学干预成为必要手段。根据综合虫害管理（IPM）方法，寄生虫的可持续管理或控制方案应基于对寄生虫生态学的了解，并采用多种预防和控制方法，这些方法的应用取决于当前的感染水平。采用多种管理策略尤为重要，因为寄生虫可能会对化学处理产生抗性。我们朝着鱼虱种群的可持续管理迈出了一步，测试了几种处理方法对河鲈锚头鳋不同生命周期阶段存活情况的影响。寄生虫幼体和成体对高锰酸钾处理（0.01 g l(-1)）高度敏感，该处理导致100%死亡率，而福尔马林（0.6 ml l(-1)）、氯化钠（20 g l(-1)）或孔雀石绿/福尔马林处理无效。用手网摇晃感染的鱼进行机械处理是将寄生虫从鱼体上分离的有效方法，可使寄生虫数量减少80%以上。与对照处理中的卵相比，至少干燥24小时和福尔马林处理（120 ml l(-1)）均导致河鲈锚头鳋卵的死亡率显著升高。其他处理，即干燥15小时、在高锰酸钾（1 g l(-1)）或氯化钠（50 g l(-1)）中浸浴，对卵的活力没有显著影响。基于目前的研究结果和之前发表的论文，我们提出了一个初步框架，展示了如何有效管理河鲈锚头鳋种群。
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