McCoy Jessica
Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Am J Disaster Med. 2008 Sep-Oct;3(5):283-93.
Each year, millions of people worldwide are affected by disasters, underscoring the importance of effective relief efforts. Many highly visible disaster responses have been inefficient and ineffective. Humanitarian agencies typically play a key role in disaster response (eg, procuring and distributing relief items to an affected population, assisting with evacuation, providing healthcare, assisting in the development of long-term shelter), and thus their efficiency is critical for a successful disaster response. The field of disaster and emergency response modeling is well established, but the application of such techniques to humanitarian logistics is relatively recent. This article surveys models of humanitarian response logistics and identifies promising opportunities for future work. Existing models analyze a variety of preparation and response decisions (eg, warehouse location and the distribution of relief supplies), consider both natural and manmade disasters, and typically seek to minimize cost or unmet demand. Opportunities to enhance the logistics of humanitarian response include the adaptation of models developed for general disaster response; the use of existing models, techniques, and insights from the literature on commercial supply chain management; the development of working partnerships between humanitarian aid organizations and private companies with expertise in logistics; and the consideration of behavioral factors relevant to a response. Implementable, realistic models that support the logistics of humanitarian relief can improve the preparation for and the response to disasters, which in turn can save lives.
每年，全球数百万人受到灾难影响，这凸显了有效救援工作的重要性。许多引人注目的灾难应对行动效率低下且效果不佳。人道主义机构通常在灾难应对中发挥关键作用（例如，采购并向受灾民众分发救援物资、协助疏散、提供医疗保健、协助建设长期避难所），因此其效率对于成功的灾难应对至关重要。灾难与应急响应建模领域已相当成熟，但将此类技术应用于人道主义物流则相对较新。本文对人道主义响应物流模型进行了综述，并确定了未来工作的潜在机会。现有模型分析了各种准备和响应决策（例如，仓库选址和救援物资的分发），考虑了自然和人为灾害，并且通常力求将成本或未满足的需求降至最低。加强人道主义响应物流的机会包括改编为一般灾难应对而开发的模型；利用现有模型、技术以及从商业供应链管理文献中获得的见解；在人道主义援助组织与具有物流专业知识的私营公司之间建立工作伙伴关系；以及考虑与响应相关的行为因素。支持人道主义救援物流的可实施、现实的模型可以改善对灾难的准备和应对，进而挽救生命。
