Pesavento Maria, Alberti Giancarla, Biesuz Raffaela
Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, Università di Pavia, via Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Jan 12;631(2):129-41. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.046. Epub 2008 Nov 1.
Different experimental approaches have been suggested in the last few decades to determine metal species in complex matrices of unknown composition as environmental waters. The methods are mainly focused on the determination of single species or groups of species. The more recent developments in trace elements speciation are reviewed focusing on methods for labile and free metal determination. Electrochemical procedures with low detection limit as anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and the competing ligand exchange with adsorption cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-AdCSV) have been widely employed in metal distribution studies in natural waters. Other electrochemical methods such as stripping chronopotentiometry and AGNES seem to be promising to evaluate the free metal concentration at the low levels of environmental samples. Separation techniques based on ion exchange (IE) and complexing resins (CR), and micro separation methods as the Donnan membrane technique (DMT), diffusive gradients in thin-film gels (DGT) and the permeation liquid membrane (PLM), are among the non-electrochemical methods largely used in this field and reviewed in the text. Under appropriate conditions such techniques make possible the evaluation of free metal ion concentration.
在过去几十年里，人们提出了不同的实验方法来测定未知成分复杂基质（如环境水）中的金属物种。这些方法主要集中于单一物种或物种组的测定。本文综述了痕量元素形态分析的最新进展，重点关注不稳定和游离金属的测定方法。检测限低的电化学方法，如阳极溶出伏安法（ASV）和竞争配体交换吸附阴极溶出伏安法（CLE-AdCSV），已广泛应用于天然水中金属分布的研究。其他电化学方法，如溶出计时电位法和AGNES，似乎有望用于评估环境样品低浓度下的游离金属浓度。基于离子交换（IE）和络合树脂（CR）的分离技术，以及如唐南膜技术（DMT）、薄膜凝胶扩散梯度技术（DGT）和渗透液膜技术（PLM）等微分离方法，是该领域大量使用的非电化学方法，并在文中进行了综述。在适当条件下，这些技术能够评估游离金属离子浓度。
