While national mortality rates for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients remain high, for the past 4 years, lower than expected local mortality rates have been consistently seen in our facilities. Because of these progressive improvements in mortality rates, a study of 687 hemodialysis patients over a 4-year period, 2003 through 2006, was undertaken to analyze which factors may be contributing to the enhanced survival rates. We also examined the partially overlapping United States Renal Data System clinical performance measures national data sets of hemodialysis patients for 2001 to 2004. Proportional hazards and logistic regression models were used to determine significant predictors of short-term survival. Variables tested included hemoglobin (Hb), albumin, calcium, phosphorus, infections, hospitalizations, URR, Kt/V, erythropoietic stimulating agents (epoetin-alpha) use, and comorbid conditions. The local and national models identified albumin, Hgb, and hospitalization as statistically significant predictors of survival. Local models also found years of dialysis as a significant predictor. Locally, there was a 69-fold increase from 16.1 deaths/1000 patient years for albumin > or =4.0 with Hgb> or =14.0 to 1115.9 deaths/1000 patient-years for albumin <3.5 with Hgb<11.0. The increase nationally is a 4-fold increase from 96 deaths/1000 patient-years for albumin > or =4.0 with Hgb> or =14.0 to 406 deaths/1000 patient-years for albumin <3.5 with Hgb<11.0. There was no evidence that higher erythropoietic stimulating agents dose levels were associated with higher mortality rates, independent of the other significant factors. In conclusion, the findings indicate that individually higher Hgb and albumin levels are associated with increased survival, and when higher Hgb levels are in association with high albumin levels, the survival rates and hospitalizations are synergistically improved.