Votruba Mark Edward, Kling Jeffrey R
Case Western Reserve University, Economics Department, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2009 Mar;68(5):814-23. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.018. Epub 2009 Jan 18.
We estimate the effect of neighborhood characteristics on the mortality of poor black male youth in families relocated through the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program, a residential mobility program implemented in Chicago, USA in 1976. Within our sample (N=2850), 52 post-placement deaths were observed, the majority of which (30) were homicides. All-cause and homicide mortality rates were substantially lower among those relocating to Census tracts with higher fractions of residents with college degrees, which suggests that relocating to more-advantaged neighborhoods can ameliorate the mortality risks faced by this population. The estimated effect declines over the post-placement period, a result consistent with evidence that Gautreaux families routinely relocated following their initial placement. A causal interpretation of these findings is undermined somewhat by evidence of neighborhood selection, though the mortality effect estimate is very robust to inclusion of covariates predictive of placement tract characteristics. Mortality effect estimates relating to Census tract measures of socioeconomic deprivation other than education were weaker in magnitude and generally insignificant, suggesting that neighborhood levels of human capital more strongly affect the mortality risks faced by this population than racial composition or neighborhood poverty.
我们评估了社区特征对通过“高特罗辅助住房计划”重新安置的贫困黑人男性青年死亡率的影响，该计划是1976年在美国芝加哥实施的一项居住流动性计划。在我们的样本（N = 2850）中，观察到52例安置后死亡，其中大多数（30例）是凶杀案。在搬迁到拥有大学学位居民比例较高的普查区的人群中，全因死亡率和凶杀死亡率大幅降低，这表明搬迁到更具优势的社区可以改善该人群面临的死亡风险。估计的影响在安置后时期有所下降，这一结果与高特罗家庭在首次安置后经常搬迁的证据一致。尽管死亡率影响估计对纳入预测安置区特征的协变量非常稳健，但邻里选择的证据在一定程度上削弱了对这些发现的因果解释。与教育以外的普查区社会经济剥夺指标相关的死亡率影响估计在幅度上较弱且通常不显著，这表明社区的人力资本水平比种族构成或社区贫困更强烈地影响该人群面临的死亡风险。
