Jurmain Robert, Bartelink Eric J, Leventhal Alan, Bellifemine Viviana, Nechayev Irina, Atwood Melynda, DiGiuseppe Diane
Department of Anthropology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192-0113, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009 Aug;139(4):462-73. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21002.
Interpersonal aggression is assessed paleoepidemiologically in a large skeletal population from the CA-ALA-329 site located on the southeastern side of San Francisco Bay, California. This comprehensive analysis included all currently recognized skeletal criteria, including craniofacial fracture, projectile injury, forearm fracture, and perimortem bone modification. Craniofacial injury is moderately common, showing an adult prevalence of 9.0% with facial lesions accounting for >50% of involvement. Clinical studies suggest that such separate evaluation of facial involvement provides a useful perspective for understanding patterns of interpersonal aggression. In this group male facial involvement is significantly greater than in females, paralleling the pattern found widely in contemporary populations as well as in African apes. When compared to other North American skeletal samples the prevalence of adult cranial vault injury (3.3%) and especially projectile injury (4.4%) are quite high. However, well documented populations from southern California show markedly higher prevalence for both types of skeletal markers of aggression. Forearm fracture is also assessed using a rigorous radiographic methodology and results suggest that these injuries are not reliable indicators of interpersonal aggression. Lastly, perimortem bone modification was not observed in this population, although it has been recorded from other (older) sites nearby. This study provides an evaluation of multiple skeletal markers of interpersonal aggression in the largest sample from a single site yet reported in North America and, joined with consideration of cultural context, helps further illuminate both geographic and temporal patterns of interpersonal aggression in California.
在加利福尼亚州旧金山湾东南侧的CA - ALA - 329遗址的大量骨骼样本中，采用古流行病学方法对人际攻击行为进行了评估。这项全面分析涵盖了所有目前公认的骨骼标准，包括颅面部骨折、投射物损伤、前臂骨折和濒死期骨骼改变。颅面部损伤较为常见，成年人患病率为9.0%，其中面部损伤占比超过50%。临床研究表明，对面部损伤进行单独评估有助于理解人际攻击模式。在这组样本中，男性面部损伤明显多于女性，这与当代人群以及非洲猿类中广泛发现的模式一致。与其他北美骨骼样本相比，成人颅顶损伤（3.3%）尤其是投射物损伤（4.4%）的患病率相当高。然而，来自南加州的有充分记录的人群显示，这两种攻击行为的骨骼标记物的患病率明显更高。前臂骨折也采用严格的放射学方法进行评估，结果表明这些损伤并非人际攻击的可靠指标。最后，尽管在附近其他（年代更久的）遗址有过记录，但在这组样本中未观察到濒死期骨骼改变。本研究对北美迄今报道的来自单一遗址的最大样本中的多种人际攻击骨骼标记物进行了评估，并结合文化背景的考量，有助于进一步阐明加利福尼亚人际攻击的地理和时间模式。
